Epidiology

Question 1

Emidiomology

Answer 1

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations

Question 2

Frequency

Answer 2

How many cases compared to how many we usually have

Question 3

Prevalence

Answer 3

Total number of cases in pipulation divided by total number of people in population x100

Question 4

Incidence

Answer 4

Number of new cases in a given time period divided by total number of susceptible x100

Question 5

Outbreak

Answer 5

When the number of cases rise above expected number

Question 6

Epidemic

Answer 6

Local outbreak that becomes larger and then effects a wider area

Question 7

Pandemics

Answer 7

Out of control and spreads to different continents

Question 8

Endemic

Answer 8

Cases appear periodically but restricted in their geography

Question 9

Epidemic

Answer 9

Out of control in local areas (cities in U.s)

Question 10

Sporadic

Answer 10

Pop up sometimes

Question 11

Critical community size

Answer 11

Endemic scan only persists within a population of a certain size

Question 12

Mass action principle

Answer 12

spread of an infection will depend on how often vulnerable individuals come in contact with contagious individuals

Question 13

Point source

Answer 13

Infectious agent comes from a single source, all victims exposed at that source

Question 14

Common source

Answer 14

Single source but over a longer period

Question 15

Propagated

Answer 15

Communicable from person to person, so spreads throughout population

Question 16

Koch’s postulates

Answer 16

Isolate the microbe and grow it in the lab, study it’s properties

Inoculate a healthy animal with the microbe- does it stick?

Re-isolate the microbe and grow it in the lab, is it still the same one?

Question 17

Determinants

Answer 17

The causes and other factors rhat influence the occurance of disease and other health related events

Question 18

Mass action principle

Answer 18

Spread of an infection will depend on how often vulnerable individuals come in contact with contagious individuals

Question 19

Point source

Answer 19

All individuals infected at that source (cholera in London)

Question 20

Common source

Answer 20

Single source over king period of time (typhoid Mary)

Question 21

Propagated

Answer 21

Communicable form person to person so spreads throughout population
Eg SARS

Question 22

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 22

The use of surveillance date to formulate hypotheses about the cause of the disease and possible risk factors involved

Question 23

Types of descriptive epidiomology

Answer 23

Observational/descriptive

Cohort study

Case control study

Question 24

Intervention study

Answer 24

Follows a population of participates after giving them an intervention of some kind

Key is to determine the outcome of the intervention

Randomized controlled trails like the gold stands

Question 25

Analytical epidiomology studies require information to

Answer 25

Know where to look
Know what to control for
Develop viable hypotheses

Question 26

Three essential characteristics that we look for in descriptive studies are

Answer 26

Person
Place
Time

Question 27

Case-series

Answer 27

Groups of people with a similar diagnoses or who have received the same clinical treatment are investigated

Question 28

Ecological studies

Answer 28

Groups of people or animals investigated

Comparing health of people in different places and times

Question 29

Cross-sectional study

Answer 29

Analyzing data from the population or a representative subset at a specific point in time

Example: in December of 2018 at BU what proportion of students had the flue

Question 30

Cohort study

Answer 30

Follows a population of participants over a period of time

Proportion of disease (exposed) divided by proportion of disease (unexposed) equals relative risk

Question 31

Case control study

Answer 31

Analsyzes date from people with disease to people without

Question 32

Sequelae

Answer 32

A condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury

Question 33

Sensitivity

Answer 33

The ability of a test to correctly indentify those with the disease (true positive rate)

Question 34

Specificity

Answer 34

The ability of the rest to correctly identify those without the disease (true negative rate)

Question 35

Lab based tests

Answer 35

Slow more accurate

Cell culture
Susceptibility test

Question 36

Point of care tests

Answer 36

Faster, generally less accurate

Blood glucose
Drug sceeens
Antibody tests

Question 37

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 37

Multiple sets of DNA primers can identify individual genes from a pathogen for more specific typing

Useful for pathogens that are hard to grow or slow to grow

Useful for getting results more quickly than growth based test allow

Question 38

Immunological tests are

Answer 38

Much faster than other types of diagnostic testing