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human infectious diseases > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

A bacterial, viral, fungal, agent of disease.

They are pathogenic because they are often feeding on their hosts

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2
Q

Pathogens have a (+-) relationship with us and we have a (+/-) relationship with them

A

Positive relationship with us

Negative relationship with them

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3
Q

Often when people say we have parasites they are referring to

A

Any multicellular organism that can infect our bodies

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4
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Eukaryotes are Thought to have evolved via endosymbiosis with prokaryotes, a theory known as endosymbiosies

Cell absorbs another cell, doesn’t destroy it, rather forms a relationship with them

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5
Q

Challenge with eukaryotic pathogens

A

We have few differences with eukaryotic pathogens

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6
Q

Fungi

A

100,000 known species
Almost none are infectious

Most are oppurtunisttic- cause disease and immincompromised or weakened individuals

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7
Q

Macroscopic fungi

A

See with eye includes mushroom, etc

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8
Q

Microscopic fungi

A

Need a microscope, includes yeasts and molds

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9
Q

Fungi reproduce both….

A

Sexually and asexually

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10
Q

Fungi release what into the environment

A

Spores into the environment that trigger immune reactions

These spores are present at low levels pretty much everywhere hence why mold grows on food if left out

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11
Q

We use fungi in what

A 
Wine 
Beer 
Vitamins 
Antiobiotics 
Bread 
Pizza
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12
Q

Because fungi are eukaryotic we can use it to produce something like

A

Incilin

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13
Q

How do fungi work

A

Land on food
Begin to grow
Secrete digestive enzymes and absorb resulting molecules

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14
Q

Fungi are important in ecosystems because

A

Important role in recycling materials and releasing nutrients into the soil (composting)

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15
Q

Fungi can break down things such as

A

Feather, hair; oils, wood, rubber, dead plants and animals

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16
Q

Most commmon fungal pathogens

A

Candida albicans

Happens when sugar levels are elevated or more moisture is available (diaper rash, type 2 diabetes)

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17
Q

Candida albicans can also cause

A

Yeast infections in mouth and vagina

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18
Q

Thrush

A

Caused by Candida albicans
Growth usually kept “in check” by bacteria

Bacteria and the yeast compete in a location such as the mouth, bacteria usually wins which is why candida doesn’t often thrive

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19
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

A serious infection of the lungs caused by fungus pneumocystis jirovecci

An opportunistic fungal pathogen
20% of adults may carry this fungus asymptomaticakky, and the immune system removes the fungus

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20
Q

Ring worm and athletes foot

A

Caused by a variety of fungal genera, very common and easily transmitted
Infects the skin

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21
Q

How to treat tinea - ringworm or atheletee foot

A

Drugs like clotrimazole or micoanzole,

These medications work by altering cell wall permeability in fungi

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22
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Pink eye

Commonly caused by e. Coli but can also be caused by fungi

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23
Q

Valley fever

A

Cofcidiomycosis
Fungal infection you get from breathing in fungal spores from the air in desert areas like Mexico, central and South America

Usually associated with older people or immunocompromised

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24
Q

Protozoa

A

65,000 species
Free living unicellular eukaryotes (nonfungal)
Few infectious species

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25
Q

Taxoplasma gondii

A

Opportunistic infection from food or cat feces

Most people with cats have it

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26
Q

How do Protozoa move around

A

Do not have a cell wall

Often move with cilia (short extension of cell) or flagella (long extension of cell)

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27
Q

Amoeboid

A

Help Protozoa move (fake feet)

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28
Q

Spore forming for Protozoa

A

Helps Protozoa move

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29
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Attaches to wall of gut, feed off of ingested material passing by

30
Q

Protozoa have 2 common life stages

A

Triphozoite: the stage in which independent Protozoa are moving and eating by themselves

Cysts: similar to bacterial endospores, a dormant stable form of protozoa less hardy

31
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

Protozoa

Does form cysts
Travel easily in water and are carried by currents
Can infect entire villages via drinking water

32
Q

Trichimonas vaginalis

A

Protozoa that does not form cysts, transmitted only sexually because with requires food and nutrients

33
Q

Most common intestinal parasite

A

Giardia lamblia

Sometimes called hikers disease, travelers, diarrhea, beaver fever

34
Q

Giardiasis symptoms

A

Diarrhea
Excessive flatulence
Vomiting

35
Q

Treatment for giardiasis

A

Symptoms usually subside without treatment in 2-6 weeks

Metronidazole was the standard, resistance is growing, also has serious side effects

Even after treatment: intestinal scarring

36
Q

Amebiasis (amebic dysentery)

A

Caused by entamoeba hystolytica

37
Q

Malaria

A

Transmitted by vector (mosquito bites)

Caused by Protozoa of the genius plasmodium

38
Q

3 life stages of malaria

A

Meozoite
Sporozoite
Gametocyte

39
Q

How does malaria happen

A
  1. Sporozoite pass from mosquito to bloodstream
  2. Sporozoite travel to liver, reproduce, and mature into merozoites
  3. Merizoites enter bloodstream, replicate, bursting out of red blood cells and infect new cells
  4. Some merozoites become gametocytes, infecting New mosquitos where they form sporozoite
40
Q

Symptoms of malaria begin

A

Between 10-16 days after infection (when merozoites begin to appear in blood)

41
Q

Effort to eradicate malaria has focused on 3 approaches:

A

Mosquitos (nets, lasers, etc)
Drugs (prophylactic and treatment)
Vaccines (so far, low efficacy)

42
Q

Drug treatments for milaria

A 
Chemiprophylaxis is a common strategy 
Quinolone antibiotics (based on quinine) significantly reduced the risk of infection
43
Q

Challenges or drug treatments for milaria

A

Need dif drugs for dif stages
Resistance is spreading
Drug development is expensive

44
Q

What we tried to control mosquitos with malaria

A

DDT eradication campaign (1955-1969) but now populations of mosquitos are resistant

We are trying bed nets

We might try: altering mosquito populations

45
Q

Most prevelant ameba in tropical areas

A

Enamoeba hystolytica

Most causes in the U.S are imported

46
Q

Amebiasis transmission

A

Fecal/ oral route (including fomites)

Direct contact

47
Q

Mechanism of amebiqsis

A

Invested cysts become trophozoites in the intestines
Feed on bacteria (not usually trying to hurry you)
Invasive disease may develop

Trophozoites release enzymes that kill epithelial cells and cause ulcers

48
Q

Complications related to amebiasis

A

May enter bloodstream can cause abscesses in the liver lungs and brain

49
Q

Treatment for amebiasis

A

Usually nitroumidazole derivatives because they are highly affective against the trophozoites

50
Q

Can asymptomatic patients of amebiasis still infect others

A

Yes

Asymptomatic cases become symptomatic between 4-10% of cases

51
Q

Naegleria Fowler I

A

Known as brain eating amoeba

Not technically a true amoeba but a shape shifting amoeba-flagellate

52
Q

Amoeboflagellate characteristics

A

Free living bacteria eating microorganism that lives in warm fresh water (thermofilw) including lakes ponds hot springs
Forms a cyst at 10 degrees Celsius

53
Q

How does naegleria Fowleri infect people

A

Travels up the nose from water where it destroys brain tissue

54
Q

Helminths

A

Worms
Multicellular animals
Usually transmitted by microscopic eggs

55
Q

Two main forms of helminths

A

Flatworms

Roundworms

56
Q

Helminths reproduction

A

Sexually and asexually

Fertilized eggs released into environment (typically in feces)

57
Q

Helminths eggs are vulnerable so

A

They produce thousands of eggs!

58
Q

Most helminths cause what

A

Gastrointestinal infections

59
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Blood work from helminths pathogens usually revelabs eosinophilia (help right multicellular infections)

60
Q

Pinworms

A

Adult pinworms reside and lay eggs in large intestine

They lay eggs on the Anus of infected person
Kids scratch their anus and touch others

61
Q

Hookworms

A

Eggs in feces, eggs hatch in soil and develop larvae
Larvae penetrate human skin
Larvae then migrate through tissues to reach intestines and nervous system/ brain

62
Q

Hookworms and immunity

A

Have multiple mechanisms to seeeee the immune response against them through cytokines and regulatory cells

63
Q

Tapeworms

A

Type of helminth pathogen

Flattened segmented bodies

64
Q

Scolex

A

Head end of tapeworm

Has hooks that allow it to attach to intestine

65
Q

Proglittids

A

Body segment of tapeworms

66
Q

Taenia species

A

Type of tapeworm (pork and beef tapeworm)

Only 3 species cause human infections

67
Q

Transmission of tapeworms

A

Ingestion of cysticerci in raw or undercooked meat

68
Q

Treatment for tapeworms

A

Antihelminthic drugs
Anti inflammatory agents
Surgery right remove cysterci

69
Q

Mechanism of tapeworms

A

In the small intestine the worms scolex and neck emerge from the cysticercus
Worm attaches to intestinal wall
tapeworm reaches maturity after 5-12 weeks
Begins to release eggs

70
Q

Complications of tapeworms

A

Cysticercoris occurs wen humans invest the eggs instead of cysterceri

Eggs are hatching in intensives
Larvae burrow in intestine
Migrate into tissues
Impairs tissue function

71
Q

Helminths therapy

A

An experimental type of immunotherapy

Deliberate infestation with a helminths or with the eggs or a helminth

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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