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human infectious diseases > common And Notable Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

common And Notable Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Most bacterial infections are

A

Opurtunistic

Something like acne treatable with antibiotics

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2
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Clusters (staph)
Gram positive spheres (cocci).

Aureus is Latin for golden
S AUreus produces a yellow pigment that protects bacterium from ultraviolet light
Chemically protects it feom neutrophils (innate immunity cells)

Yellow pigment called: staphyloxanthin

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3
Q

Where is S. Aureus common

A

Normal inhabitant or nose

Can Infect hair follicle

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4
Q

How to get rid of S Aurelius

A

Typically by drainage and anriobiotic therapy

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5
Q

Exotoxins as they relate to S aureus

A

Damage host tissue and waken host defenses

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6
Q

S aureus food poisoning

A

Linked to creamy salads poultry and meat

Transmission easy if hands are not washed

Leads to nausea vomiting stomach cramps dehydration

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7
Q

Dif between intoxication and infection

A

Ur getting sick by the toxic released by pathogen not pathogen itself

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8
Q

Why is Staph aureus so peristanr

A

Very sturdy for being non spore forming

Can withstand:
High salt 
Extreme PH 
high temps 
Months of air drying 
Many disinfectants
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9
Q

How does S aureus get into skin

A

Starts on skin gains entry

Causes
Pimples, boils, abscesses, wound infections, scalded skin syndrome and more

Some skin infections can penetrate through soft tissues, muscle bones

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10
Q

If staph gains access to deeper tissue it can cause

A

Toxic shock syndome and endocarditis, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia

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11
Q

Virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus

A

Skin penetrating enzymes

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12
Q

Staph transmission

A 
Skin skin contact 
Touching contaminated surfaces 
Sharing personal items 
Crowded areas
Poor hygiene 
INCREASED CONTACT WITH STAPH (hospitals) 
Food borne illnesses
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13
Q

Methicillin resistant staphyloccocus aureus

A

MRSA is a staph strain that has become orevelant in last decade
Concern because it’s resistant to methicillin which interferes with cell wall synthesis

MRSA isn’t very dif from regular staph except that it’s resistant to methicillin

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14
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Strains common in hospitals and transmitted in hospitals

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15
Q

What does staphyloccocus aureus need to cause disease

A

Access

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16
Q

What can be done against MRSA

A

New drugs like vancomycin, rifampin, tetracyclines

Resistance emerging though

Old drugs that are not commonly prescribed and therefore not a lot of resistance

Can do nothing to see if immune system can fight it

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17
Q

How big is MRSA problem

A

Annual cases 80,000

Animal deaths: 11,000

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18
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Normal part of micro biome
Can get into the skin from very small cuts
Express an acid fhat digests away skin cell layers

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19
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes necrotizing fasciitis

A

Can cause flesh eating and penetrating infections

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20
Q

Impetigo

A

Infections on the surface

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21
Q

Soar throat (pharyngitis)

A

Usually caused by a virus by irritations (such as mucus)
Causes “strep throat”
Can lead to possibly fatal complications including scarfler fever, meningitis, kidney disease and necrotizing fasciitis

Detection of pharyngitis is possible visually

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22
Q

Detection of a pyogenes is done with

A

A throat swab, perhaps supported by a throat culture

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23
Q

Strep throat virulence

A

Surface antigens that mimic host antigens (doesn’t seem foreign)

Specialized polysaccharides that prevent digestion by lysozime

Secretion of several toxins that have toxic effects on cells

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24
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

An anaerobic spore forming bacteria commonly found in soil

Commonly found in animal intestines and raw meat

Can cause food poising

Causes diarrhea and stomach cramps

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25
Q

Clostridium perfringens can lead to what

A

Can also cause more serious diseases if ir is introduced to wounds

Needs to find access to deeper tissue before causing these

Gas gangreneis: bacterial infection that produces gas in gangrenous tissues

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26
Q

What is Gas gangrenes

A

These microorganisms are opportunistic and enter body through significant breakage

Bacteria causes myonecrosis: a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tiesue

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27
Q

Gangrenous infection was most common…

A

In combat injuries (non sterile surgeries)

Diagnosed by large blackened sores that form as well as by cracklings noise (crepitus) caused by gas escaping tissue

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28
Q

Plague

A

Caused by bacterium called yerisinia pestis

Infects animal hosts most commonly the prairie dog

1000-2000 cases worldwide annually

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29
Q

How is plague treatable

A

Antibiotics if caught early

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30
Q

Y. Pestis is phagocytosed by…

A

Macrophages then evades the lysosome and replicated within the macrophage

So it actually likes macrophages

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31
Q

How does the plague spread

A

Different forms, bubonic and septicemic are most common (bites)

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32
Q

Bubos

A

Swollen lymph nodes in body

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33
Q

Pneumonic plague

A

Spread from person to person

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34
Q

Lyme disease

A

Bacterial disease carried by ticks

Infection mostly concentrated in the northeastern US but some cases throughout country

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35
Q

Early symptoms of Lyme

A

Bulls-eye rash around bite, fever, dizziness, muscles and head aches

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36
Q

Late symptoms of Lyme disease

A

Neurological limpness and local paralysis and cardiac

Some patients have continuing symptoms including aches and fatigue rhat are not fully understood

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37
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

An expert immune evader

Complement system antagonism
Anti inflammatory cytokines production (counteracts cytokines)

Releases soluble antigens like aircraft chaff to distract antibodies

Antigenic variation

THIS ISVWHAF LEADS TO THE BULLSEYE WITH LYME DISEASE

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38
Q

How or why does borrelia burgderfori causes the bullseye rash

A

Antigenic variation

As the pathogen migrates feom center is switches antigen

The immune system has to constantly relearn how to fight disease

Result of this is the bacterium getting into bloodstream leading to desiminated disease

39
Q

Borrelia Mayonii

A

Another pathogen that can transmit Lyme disease

40
Q

Prevention of Lyme disease

A

Prevent tick bites

Check from ticks attached to skin upon returning from outdoes

41
Q

Treatment for Lyme disease

A

2-4 weeks with antibiotics (doxycikin, amoxicillin) more successful if taken as early as possible

42
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Ancient disease caused by mummies caused by mycobacterium teburculusis

Gets its name from teburcles it causes walled off structure of localized infection

43
Q

85% of TB is limited to

A

Lungs, however the bacterium can infect many tissues including brain, meninges, kidneys, bones, etc

44
Q

Nicknames of TB

A

Consumption, white plague

45
Q

TB and immune response

A

Infects macrophages themselves
Macrophages engulf TB to destroy them
TB prevents fusion of the phagosome to he lysosome
Replicate within phagosome
Can then escape from the phagosome
Many microphones in one place, TB triggers calcification around them, builds a walled off area within the lung

46
Q

Intitial infection stages of TB

A
  1. Inhaled M. TB bacteria encounter macrophages in the lungs
  2. Some of the phagocytized bacteria thrive inside the macrophages
47
Q

Latent Tb Stage

A

The immune system detects that certain macrophages are infected and walls them off in fibrous granulomqs to limit spread

48
Q

Active TB stage

A
  1. Occasionally the center of the granuloma liquefies and the walls break down, leading to an active infection that can transmit the bacterium to others
49
Q

Where can M. TB live

A

Moist surfaces up to 6 months

Small closed rooms, intimate or crowded living conditions, lack of fresh air

50
Q

Vitamin S is important for immune response for

A

TB

51
Q

Treatment of TB

A

6-9 months of continuous antibiotic use

Some strains of multi drug resistant TB are emerging

52
Q

2 approaches to preventing TB resistance

A
  1. Incarceration of individuals who do not follow drug regimen
  2. Directly observed therapy (DOT) public health worker visits patient at every dose and observes drug taking
53
Q

Tetanus

A

Caused by clostridium tetani
Spores are often found in soil

Releases a toxin that interferes with the neurotransmitters that inhibit muscle contraction

54
Q

Tetanus causes what

A

Spastic paralysis called “lockjaw”

55
Q

Tdap vaccine

A

Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis

56
Q

Risk factors of tetanus

A

Puncture wounds, cultural practices of allying mud to wounds, IV drug users

57
Q

The tetanus interferes with the action of what

A

GABA: a protein that would usually stop this process resultin in spastic paralysis

58
Q

Clostridium botulism

A

Etiological agent
Spore forming
Can be found in improperly made sausages
Sores can be found in honey prefers anaerobic conditions
Used to treat migraines and muscle spasm
Beauty/recreational use for wrinkles and sweating

59
Q

Mechanism of bostulism disease

A

Exotoxins enters blood and targets nerves
Botox blocks the synaptic cleft
Flaccid paralysis results (muscles don’t ever contact)

60
Q

Infant botulism

A

Can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into an infants intestines (honey)

61
Q

Wound botulism

A

Can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into a wound and make a toxin especially from dirty needles

62
Q

Food borne botulism

A

Can happen by eating foods that have been contamination with botulinum toxin (improperly made or canned preserved foods)

63
Q

Iatrogenic botulism

A

Can happen if too much Botox is injected for cosmetic or medical reasons

64
Q

Adult intestinal toxemia

A

Very rare kind of botulism that can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into an adults intestines, grow and produce the toxin

65
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A 
Most common food borne illness 
#1 cahsarive agent of GI illness

Member of the poultry micro biome (undercooked chicken)

66
Q

Mechanism of campylobacter jejuni

A

Bacteria burrow through the mucosal layer of the intestine

Migrate through intestinal epithelial cells
Multiply beneath epithelial layer
Inflammatory response 2-5 days

67
Q

Salmonella enteric a

A

Found in micro biome of birds, some mammals, and reptiles

Food and water can also be contaminated with the feces of infected people or animals

Some strains cause GI illness, others typhoid fever

Secretes a toxin that affects water transport in small and large intestines

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of salmonella

A

Infection not toxin
Appear within 1/2 danys after consuming contaminated food and water
Fever abdominal cramps 4:7 days

69
Q

Salmonella serovar typhi

A

Toxin!
Typhoid fever from typhoid toxin production (plasmid borne virulence factor)

Symptoms are sismilae but include a rose cooored spotted rash

70
Q

Infectious dose for S. Enterica

A

Very high (1 million cells does not produce disease in healthy persons)

71
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Lots of dif types

Harmful strains (food poisoning! Are usually from undercooked beef or bad veggies

Fecal transmission- oral transmission also possible

72
Q

Shigella toxin

A

When E. coli is most dangerous
It colonized the large intestine causing cells to rupture leading to dysentery (blood in diarrhea)
Can be fatal due to blood loss and dehydration

Treatment generally limited to rehydration

73
Q

Uropathogenuc E. coli

A

Uropathogenuc E. coli from the gut is the cause of 80% of community acquired urinary tract infections

Most important virulence factor of establishing bladder infection is likely the type 1, mannose sensitive, fimbria, which attaches to receptors on uroepethial cells

74
Q

Feces or fecal particles get transported to the urethra due to

A

Anal sex
Improper hygiene
King car or plane rides
Diabetes

75
Q

Cholera

A

Caused by vibrio cholerae

Releases cholera toxin

Triggers intestinal epithelial cells to release elecrolytes and water into the intestines

Generates water starchy colored diarrhea or rice water

Patients lose a ton of water, 50% or more of body weight

Death or recovery occurs within 48 hours

55% fatality

76
Q

Vibrio cholarae

A

Bacteria cause no direct damage
Secreted toxins interfere with the ability of the intestines to reabsorb fluid

Can live in water and body fluids for long period of time especially warm weather

77
Q

Cholera transmission

A

Consuming raw shellfish
Endemic in areas with water sanitation
Large infectious dose required

78
Q

Cholera treatment

A

Oral rehydration

Antibiotics

79
Q

Chlamydia

A

Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
Gram negative
75% of infected women have no symptoms

Most major cause of nongonococcal urethritis

80
Q

STI’s lead often to

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

81
Q

Chlamydia in neonates

A

50% vertical transmission
Eye infections
Pneumonia

82
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Nesseria gonorrheae
Gram negative bacterium
Antigenic variation means it can evade the immune system

83
Q

In males, gonorrhea is

A

10-15% are asymptomatic

Usually exhibit symptoms such as painful ruination, yellowish white discharge from the penis

Untreated cases may cause inflammation in vas deference or glands can lead to infertility

84
Q

In females gonorrhea

A

50-80% are asymptomatic
When symptoms are present they are usually mild such as painful burning sensation and discharge
Causes pelvic inflammatory disease

Can cross into bloodstream and affect skin heart and meninges

85
Q

Gonorrhea in neonates

A

Can cause blindness
Screening of pregnant women JS routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops
Respiratory system can be infected as well

86
Q

Syphylis

A

Caused by treponema pallidum

Gram negative spirochete

87
Q

Primary syphilus

A

Skin lesions called chancre (usually painless) filled spirochete

Latency leads to secondary syphylis

88
Q

Secondary syphilis

A

At least weeks but sometimes years after exposure

Rash tons of other rarer symptoms

89
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A

Leads to gummatous syphilis, neurosyphikis, cardiovascular syphilis

Usually not contagious

Results from latent syphilis

90
Q

Latent syphilis

A

Proof of infection without symptoms
Last for many years
15-40% of people develop tertiary syphilis

91
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

Organism crosses placenta

Infected newborns have
Notched teeth
Perforated palates

92
Q

To get syphilis

A

Patient comes into contact with a sore

93
Q

Prevention for syphilis

A

Barrier methods of contraception help but syphilis sores are not always limited to genitals

94
Q

Treatment for syphilis

A

High dose penicillin tetracycline or doxycycline

Partner must also be treated otherwise ineffective

Treatment will kill the syphylis bacterium and prevent further damage but it will not repair damage already done

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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