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human infectious diseases > common And Notable Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

common And Notable Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Most bacterial infections are

A

Opurtunistic

Something like acne treatable with antibiotics

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2
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Clusters (staph)
Gram positive spheres (cocci).

Aureus is Latin for golden
S AUreus produces a yellow pigment that protects bacterium from ultraviolet light
Chemically protects it feom neutrophils (innate immunity cells)

Yellow pigment called: staphyloxanthin

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3
Q

Where is S. Aureus common

A

Normal inhabitant or nose

Can Infect hair follicle

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4
Q

How to get rid of S Aurelius

A

Typically by drainage and anriobiotic therapy

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5
Q

Exotoxins as they relate to S aureus

A

Damage host tissue and waken host defenses

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6
Q

S aureus food poisoning

A

Linked to creamy salads poultry and meat

Transmission easy if hands are not washed

Leads to nausea vomiting stomach cramps dehydration

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7
Q

Dif between intoxication and infection

A

Ur getting sick by the toxic released by pathogen not pathogen itself

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8
Q

Why is Staph aureus so peristanr

A

Very sturdy for being non spore forming

Can withstand:
High salt 
Extreme PH 
high temps 
Months of air drying 
Many disinfectants
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9
Q

How does S aureus get into skin

A

Starts on skin gains entry

Causes
Pimples, boils, abscesses, wound infections, scalded skin syndrome and more

Some skin infections can penetrate through soft tissues, muscle bones

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10
Q

If staph gains access to deeper tissue it can cause

A

Toxic shock syndome and endocarditis, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia

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11
Q

Virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus

A

Skin penetrating enzymes

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12
Q

Staph transmission

A 
Skin skin contact 
Touching contaminated surfaces 
Sharing personal items 
Crowded areas
Poor hygiene 
INCREASED CONTACT WITH STAPH (hospitals) 
Food borne illnesses
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13
Q

Methicillin resistant staphyloccocus aureus

A

MRSA is a staph strain that has become orevelant in last decade
Concern because it’s resistant to methicillin which interferes with cell wall synthesis

MRSA isn’t very dif from regular staph except that it’s resistant to methicillin

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14
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Strains common in hospitals and transmitted in hospitals

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15
Q

What does staphyloccocus aureus need to cause disease

A

Access

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16
Q

What can be done against MRSA

A

New drugs like vancomycin, rifampin, tetracyclines

Resistance emerging though

Old drugs that are not commonly prescribed and therefore not a lot of resistance

Can do nothing to see if immune system can fight it

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17
Q

How big is MRSA problem

A

Annual cases 80,000

Animal deaths: 11,000

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18
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Normal part of micro biome
Can get into the skin from very small cuts
Express an acid fhat digests away skin cell layers

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19
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes necrotizing fasciitis

A

Can cause flesh eating and penetrating infections

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20
Q

Impetigo

A

Infections on the surface

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21
Q

Soar throat (pharyngitis)

A

Usually caused by a virus by irritations (such as mucus)
Causes “strep throat”
Can lead to possibly fatal complications including scarfler fever, meningitis, kidney disease and necrotizing fasciitis

Detection of pharyngitis is possible visually

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22
Q

Detection of a pyogenes is done with

A

A throat swab, perhaps supported by a throat culture

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23
Q

Strep throat virulence

A

Surface antigens that mimic host antigens (doesn’t seem foreign)

Specialized polysaccharides that prevent digestion by lysozime

Secretion of several toxins that have toxic effects on cells

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24
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

An anaerobic spore forming bacteria commonly found in soil

Commonly found in animal intestines and raw meat

Can cause food poising

Causes diarrhea and stomach cramps

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25
Clostridium perfringens can lead to what
Can also cause more serious diseases if ir is introduced to wounds Needs to find access to deeper tissue before causing these Gas gangreneis: bacterial infection that produces gas in gangrenous tissues
26
What is Gas gangrenes
These microorganisms are opportunistic and enter body through significant breakage Bacteria causes myonecrosis: a condition of necrotic damage, specific to muscle tiesue
27
Gangrenous infection was most common…
In combat injuries (non sterile surgeries) Diagnosed by large blackened sores that form as well as by cracklings noise (crepitus) caused by gas escaping tissue
28
Plague
Caused by bacterium called yerisinia pestis Infects animal hosts most commonly the prairie dog 1000-2000 cases worldwide annually
29
How is plague treatable
Antibiotics if caught early
30
Y. Pestis is phagocytosed by…
Macrophages then evades the lysosome and replicated within the macrophage So it actually likes macrophages
31
How does the plague spread
Different forms, bubonic and septicemic are most common (bites)
32
Bubos
Swollen lymph nodes in body
33
Pneumonic plague
Spread from person to person
34
Lyme disease
Bacterial disease carried by ticks Infection mostly concentrated in the northeastern US but some cases throughout country
35
Early symptoms of Lyme
Bulls-eye rash around bite, fever, dizziness, muscles and head aches
36
Late symptoms of Lyme disease
Neurological limpness and local paralysis and cardiac Some patients have continuing symptoms including aches and fatigue rhat are not fully understood
37
Borrelia burgdorferi
An expert immune evader Complement system antagonism Anti inflammatory cytokines production (counteracts cytokines) Releases soluble antigens like aircraft chaff to distract antibodies Antigenic variation THIS ISVWHAF LEADS TO THE BULLSEYE WITH LYME DISEASE
38
How or why does borrelia burgderfori causes the bullseye rash
Antigenic variation As the pathogen migrates feom center is switches antigen The immune system has to constantly relearn how to fight disease Result of this is the bacterium getting into bloodstream leading to desiminated disease
39
Borrelia Mayonii
Another pathogen that can transmit Lyme disease
40
Prevention of Lyme disease
Prevent tick bites | Check from ticks attached to skin upon returning from outdoes
41
Treatment for Lyme disease
2-4 weeks with antibiotics (doxycikin, amoxicillin) more successful if taken as early as possible
42
Tuberculosis
Ancient disease caused by mummies caused by mycobacterium teburculusis Gets its name from teburcles it causes walled off structure of localized infection
43
85% of TB is limited to
Lungs, however the bacterium can infect many tissues including brain, meninges, kidneys, bones, etc
44
Nicknames of TB
Consumption, white plague
45
TB and immune response
Infects macrophages themselves Macrophages engulf TB to destroy them TB prevents fusion of the phagosome to he lysosome Replicate within phagosome Can then escape from the phagosome Many microphones in one place, TB triggers calcification around them, builds a walled off area within the lung
46
Intitial infection stages of TB
1. Inhaled M. TB bacteria encounter macrophages in the lungs 2. Some of the phagocytized bacteria thrive inside the macrophages
47
Latent Tb Stage
The immune system detects that certain macrophages are infected and walls them off in fibrous granulomqs to limit spread
48
Active TB stage
4. Occasionally the center of the granuloma liquefies and the walls break down, leading to an active infection that can transmit the bacterium to others
49
Where can M. TB live
Moist surfaces up to 6 months Small closed rooms, intimate or crowded living conditions, lack of fresh air
50
Vitamin S is important for immune response for
TB
51
Treatment of TB
6-9 months of continuous antibiotic use Some strains of multi drug resistant TB are emerging
52
2 approaches to preventing TB resistance
1. Incarceration of individuals who do not follow drug regimen 2. Directly observed therapy (DOT) public health worker visits patient at every dose and observes drug taking
53
Tetanus
Caused by clostridium tetani Spores are often found in soil Releases a toxin that interferes with the neurotransmitters that inhibit muscle contraction
54
Tetanus causes what
Spastic paralysis called “lockjaw”
55
Tdap vaccine
Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis
56
Risk factors of tetanus
Puncture wounds, cultural practices of allying mud to wounds, IV drug users
57
The tetanus interferes with the action of what
GABA: a protein that would usually stop this process resultin in spastic paralysis
58
Clostridium botulism
Etiological agent Spore forming Can be found in improperly made sausages Sores can be found in honey prefers anaerobic conditions Used to treat migraines and muscle spasm Beauty/recreational use for wrinkles and sweating
59
Mechanism of bostulism disease
Exotoxins enters blood and targets nerves Botox blocks the synaptic cleft Flaccid paralysis results (muscles don’t ever contact)
60
Infant botulism
Can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into an infants intestines (honey)
61
Wound botulism
Can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into a wound and make a toxin especially from dirty needles
62
Food borne botulism
Can happen by eating foods that have been contamination with botulinum toxin (improperly made or canned preserved foods)
63
Iatrogenic botulism
Can happen if too much Botox is injected for cosmetic or medical reasons
64
Adult intestinal toxemia
Very rare kind of botulism that can happen if the spores of the bacteria get into an adults intestines, grow and produce the toxin
65
Campylobacter jejuni
``` Most common food borne illness #1 cahsarive agent of GI illness ``` Member of the poultry micro biome (undercooked chicken)
66
Mechanism of campylobacter jejuni
Bacteria burrow through the mucosal layer of the intestine Migrate through intestinal epithelial cells Multiply beneath epithelial layer Inflammatory response 2-5 days
67
Salmonella enteric a
Found in micro biome of birds, some mammals, and reptiles Food and water can also be contaminated with the feces of infected people or animals Some strains cause GI illness, others typhoid fever Secretes a toxin that affects water transport in small and large intestines
68
Signs and symptoms of salmonella
Infection not toxin Appear within 1/2 danys after consuming contaminated food and water Fever abdominal cramps 4:7 days
69
Salmonella serovar typhi
Toxin! Typhoid fever from typhoid toxin production (plasmid borne virulence factor) Symptoms are sismilae but include a rose cooored spotted rash
70
Infectious dose for S. Enterica
Very high (1 million cells does not produce disease in healthy persons)
71
Escherichia coli
Lots of dif types Harmful strains (food poisoning! Are usually from undercooked beef or bad veggies Fecal transmission- oral transmission also possible
72
Shigella toxin
When E. coli is most dangerous It colonized the large intestine causing cells to rupture leading to dysentery (blood in diarrhea) Can be fatal due to blood loss and dehydration Treatment generally limited to rehydration
73
Uropathogenuc E. coli
Uropathogenuc E. coli from the gut is the cause of 80% of community acquired urinary tract infections Most important virulence factor of establishing bladder infection is likely the type 1, mannose sensitive, fimbria, which attaches to receptors on uroepethial cells
74
Feces or fecal particles get transported to the urethra due to
Anal sex Improper hygiene King car or plane rides Diabetes
75
Cholera
Caused by vibrio cholerae Releases cholera toxin Triggers intestinal epithelial cells to release elecrolytes and water into the intestines Generates water starchy colored diarrhea or rice water Patients lose a ton of water, 50% or more of body weight Death or recovery occurs within 48 hours 55% fatality
76
Vibrio cholarae
Bacteria cause no direct damage Secreted toxins interfere with the ability of the intestines to reabsorb fluid Can live in water and body fluids for long period of time especially warm weather
77
Cholera transmission
Consuming raw shellfish Endemic in areas with water sanitation Large infectious dose required
78
Cholera treatment
Oral rehydration | Antibiotics
79
Chlamydia
Caused by chlamydia trachomatis Gram negative 75% of infected women have no symptoms Most major cause of nongonococcal urethritis
80
STI’s lead often to
Pelvic inflammatory disease
81
Chlamydia in neonates
50% vertical transmission Eye infections Pneumonia
82
Gonorrhea
Nesseria gonorrheae Gram negative bacterium Antigenic variation means it can evade the immune system
83
In males, gonorrhea is
10-15% are asymptomatic Usually exhibit symptoms such as painful ruination, yellowish white discharge from the penis Untreated cases may cause inflammation in vas deference or glands can lead to infertility
84
In females gonorrhea
50-80% are asymptomatic When symptoms are present they are usually mild such as painful burning sensation and discharge Causes pelvic inflammatory disease Can cross into bloodstream and affect skin heart and meninges
85
Gonorrhea in neonates
Can cause blindness Screening of pregnant women JS routine, as is application of antibiotic eye drops Respiratory system can be infected as well
86
Syphylis
Caused by treponema pallidum Gram negative spirochete
87
Primary syphilus
Skin lesions called chancre (usually painless) filled spirochete Latency leads to secondary syphylis
88
Secondary syphilis
At least weeks but sometimes years after exposure Rash tons of other rarer symptoms
89
Tertiary syphilis
Leads to gummatous syphilis, neurosyphikis, cardiovascular syphilis Usually not contagious Results from latent syphilis
90
Latent syphilis
Proof of infection without symptoms Last for many years 15-40% of people develop tertiary syphilis
91
Congenital syphilis
Organism crosses placenta Infected newborns have Notched teeth Perforated palates
92
To get syphilis
Patient comes into contact with a sore
93
Prevention for syphilis
Barrier methods of contraception help but syphilis sores are not always limited to genitals
94
Treatment for syphilis
High dose penicillin tetracycline or doxycycline Partner must also be treated otherwise ineffective Treatment will kill the syphylis bacterium and prevent further damage but it will not repair damage already done

human infectious diseases (13 decks)

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