Respiratory Tract Infections Chapter 22 Flashcards
Dyspnea
is defined as “a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity.”
Pneumonia is the
inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lung -
Parenchymal structures include
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Pneumonias Classification
Settings/classification
Community Acquired
Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial)
Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Persons
Pneumonias types
Agent
Typical
Atypical
Typical Pneumonias (look bad)
Bacterial (most common S. Pneumoniae- Pneumococcus
Elderly
Inflammation and Exudation of fluid into Alveoli
Crackles and Rhonchi
Fever
Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine
Who should get the Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine
children and elderly with chronic diseases
immunocompromised over 2 years
Atypical Pneumonia (doesnt look bad)
Viral and Mycoplasma infections
Unknown Causes
can lead to bacterial pnumonias
Atypical Pneumonia symptoms
Symptoms and findings not as severe as bacterial
Small/Moderate Sputum
Usually Mild
May impair epithelium/defenses and predispose for bacterial pneumonia
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Begins outside hospital or
Diagnosed within 48 hours after admission to hospital
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial) -
Appears 48 hours after admission to hospital
At RISK
Hospital Acquired -
bacterial include
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S. Aureus
Enterobacter
Klebsiella pneumoniae
More are antibiotic resistant
Pneumonia symptoms
cough fever chills tachycardia tachypnea dyspenea pleural pain malaise respiratory distress diminished breath sounds
Tuberculosis
World’s foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent
Causes 26% of avoidable deaths in developing countries
Drug-resistant forms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis
Aerobic
Protective waxy capsule
Can stay alive in “suspended animation” for years
High incidence in crowded, poorly ventilated conditions as well as elderly, and immunocompromised
Tuberculosis Can invade
other body systems
Tuberculosis is spread by
Spread by Droplet Nuclei (Airborne)
Tuberculosis is a Hypersensitivity Reaction. What type is it
Hypersensitivity Reaction (Type IV)
Primary Tuberculosis
Active Phase
Previously unexposed persons
5% go on to develop progressive Primary TB
Asymptomatic (Hospital Staff)
Most develop into Latent Tuberculosis Infection
No active disease
Cannot Transmit Disease
Still Need to be treated
Young children and Adults with HIV or immune deficiency disorders
Non-specific Symptoms
fatigue, night sweats, fever
Gains Access to sputum - contagious
Secondary TB
Re-infection or Reactivation of healed primary lesion Hypersensitivity Reaction - Worse May see pleural Effusion TB Empyema S/S Weight loss Dyspnea Orthopnea Dry Cough …Blood tinged
Symptoms of TB
progressive fatigue malaise anorexia weight loss chronic productive cough night swaets hemoptysis chest pain low grade temp
