Respiratory Tract Infections Chapter 22

Question 1

Dyspnea

Answer 1

is defined as “a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity.”

Question 2

Pneumonia is the

Answer 2

inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lung -

Question 3

Parenchymal structures include

Answer 3

Alveoli

Bronchioles

Question 4

Pneumonias Classification

Answer 4

Settings/classification
Community Acquired
Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial)
Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Persons

Question 5

Pneumonias types

Answer 5

Agent
Typical
Atypical

Question 6

Typical Pneumonias (look bad)

Answer 6

Bacterial (most common S. Pneumoniae- Pneumococcus
Elderly

Inflammation and Exudation of fluid into Alveoli
Crackles and Rhonchi
Fever
Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine

Question 7

Who should get the Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine

Answer 7

children and elderly with chronic diseases

immunocompromised over 2 years

Question 8

Atypical Pneumonia (doesnt look bad)

Answer 8

Viral and Mycoplasma infections

Unknown Causes

can lead to bacterial pnumonias

Question 9

Atypical Pneumonia symptoms

Answer 9

Symptoms and findings not as severe as bacterial

Small/Moderate Sputum
Usually Mild
May impair epithelium/defenses and predispose for bacterial pneumonia

Question 10

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Answer 10

Begins outside hospital or

Diagnosed within 48 hours after admission to hospital

Question 11

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial) -

Answer 11

Appears 48 hours after admission to hospital

At RISK

Question 12

Hospital Acquired -

bacterial include

Answer 12

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S. Aureus
Enterobacter
Klebsiella pneumoniae

More are antibiotic resistant

Question 13

Pneumonia symptoms

Answer 13

cough
fever
chills
tachycardia
tachypnea
dyspenea
pleural pain
malaise
respiratory distress
diminished breath sounds

Question 14

Tuberculosis

Answer 14

World’s foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent
Causes 26% of avoidable deaths in developing countries
Drug-resistant forms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis
Aerobic
Protective waxy capsule
Can stay alive in “suspended animation” for years

High incidence in crowded, poorly ventilated conditions as well as elderly, and immunocompromised

Question 15

Tuberculosis Can invade

Answer 15

other body systems

Question 16

Tuberculosis is spread by

Answer 16

Spread by Droplet Nuclei (Airborne)

Question 17

Tuberculosis is a Hypersensitivity Reaction. What type is it

Answer 17

Hypersensitivity Reaction (Type IV)

Question 18

Primary Tuberculosis

Active Phase

Answer 18

Previously unexposed persons

5% go on to develop progressive Primary TB

Asymptomatic (Hospital Staff)

Most develop into Latent Tuberculosis Infection
No active disease
Cannot Transmit Disease
Still Need to be treated
Young children and Adults with HIV or immune deficiency disorders

Non-specific Symptoms
fatigue, night sweats, fever

Gains Access to sputum - contagious

Question 19

Secondary TB

Answer 19

Re-infection or Reactivation of healed primary lesion
Hypersensitivity Reaction - Worse
May see pleural Effusion
TB Empyema
S/S
Weight loss
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Dry Cough …Blood tinged

Question 20

Symptoms of TB

Answer 20

progressive fatigue
malaise
anorexia
weight loss
chronic productive cough
night swaets
hemoptysis 
chest pain
low grade temp