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Pathophysiology > Disorders Of The White Blood Cells And Lympoid Tissue > Flashcards

Disorders Of The White Blood Cells And Lympoid Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Penia

A

Deficiency

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2
Q

Neutropenia

A

An abnormally low amout of neutrophils within the blood

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3
Q

Leukopenia

A

A decrease in the absolute number of leukocytes within the blood

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4
Q

Pancytopenia

A

all of the blood cells are low

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5
Q

lymphoma

A

Diverse group of solid tumors composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells that vary with resect to molecular features, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment.

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6
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma

A

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin (NHL’s)

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7
Q

Pluripotent

A

not fixed as to developmental potentialities, not capable of differentiating into one of many cell types

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8
Q

“Blast”

A

new baby budding cell

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9
Q

How do all cells start out

A

as a stem cell

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10
Q

What are bands?

A

Immature Neutrophils

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11
Q

What are segs?

A

Segmented neutrophils

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12
Q

What is a normal differential for WBC

A

4000-11000

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13
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

leukocytes that constitute 1%-3% of the WBC. Help to control allergic responses and fight parasites

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14
Q

When do Eosinophils increase?

A

During allergic reactions and Parasitic infections

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15
Q

What are Basophils

A

Basophils are WBC that are present during inflammation. They contain Heparin and histamine. Present in IGE reactions.

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16
Q

What is heparin

A

an anticoagulant

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17
Q

What is histamine?

A

a vasodilator

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18
Q

What are leukocytes and where do they originate?

A

White blood cells that originate in the bone marrow and circulate through the lymphoid tissues in the body

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19
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils come from the myeloid stem cell

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20
Q

Name the agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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21
Q

What originates from the lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow and travel between the blood and the lymphatic system

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

What cells originate from the lymphoid stem cell

A

NK, T cells and B cells

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23
Q

What cells originate from the myeloid stem cell

A

Monocytes, Granulocytes, Erythrocytes, Platelets

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24
Q

What is the number one reason for a low neutrophil count

A

Medications

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25
Q

Neutrophils

A

Primary pathogen-fighting cells

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26
Q

When would you see an elevated neutrophil count on a differential?

A

With an acute bacterial infection or inflammation

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27
Q

What shits to the left?

A

Bands

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28
Q

What does it mean to shift to the left?

A

Shift to the left is where their may be an infection that the body shoots out immature WBC because it can’t wait for the mature ones

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29
Q

A big increase in what kind of cell is not normal?

A

Basophils

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30
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Release heparin, seratonin, bradykinin, histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

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31
Q

Monocytes/ Macrophages (from myeloid stem cells) do what?

A

Antigen presenting cells,
Create inflammatory mediatiors,
are phagocyctic,

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32
Q

What does an increase in Monocytes suggest

A

May indicate infection. Inflammation, or Bone marrow injury (Leukemia)

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33
Q

RBC range

A

4.2 to 5.4

34
Q

Hgb range

A

12-16

35
Q

WBC Range

A

5,000 to 10.000

36
Q

Neutrophils Range

A

55-70 ( if high, Bacterial infection)

37
Q

Bands range

A

0-3

38
Q

Eosinophils Range

A

1-2

39
Q

Basophils

A

Less than 1

40
Q

Name the leukocytes (from lymphoid cells)

A

B-cells, T-cells, Natural Killer cells

41
Q

Leukocytes can be low from what?

A

Autoimmune diseases. Causes big lymphnodes- producing more B and T, inflammation, can be caused by mainly viruses or cancer

42
Q

What do B cells create

A

Antibodies or Plasma

43
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Control the immune response, cell mediated immunity

44
Q

Which type of leukocyte works hardest when you receive a vaccination

A

B- Lymphocytes

45
Q

What causes alterations in Leukocyte function

A

Quantitative disorders, and qualitative disorders

46
Q

Quantitative disorders:

A
  • increase or a decrease in the number of cells
  • Bone marrow disorders or premature destruction of cells (not functioning properly either low or high)
  • Response to infectious microorganism invasion
47
Q

Qualitative Disorders:

A
  • Disruption of cellular functions

- DNA or within the cell

48
Q

Leukopenia and neutropenia is bad because of what (these are quantitive disorders)

A

A low white count predisposes a patient to infections, and having low levels these WBC is not normal and usually means cancer

49
Q

Leukocytosis: (quantitive disorder)

A

is a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors- means the body is trying to fight it so the WBC rises.

50
Q

Quantitive; Low what are the danger numbers?

A

Under 1000 is really low. 500-1000 is the danger zone

Inadequate production= increased destruction

51
Q

Increased destruction Leukopenia:

A
  • Is immune mediated by itself or by drugs

Has increased destruction where it starts killing off own cells.

52
Q

Why would you see a low WBC with a prolonged severe infection?

A

because cells are being destroyed very quickly and cannot be replaced fast enough

53
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Gets rid of old or non functioning cells

54
Q

What is splenic sequestration (often seen with sickle cell)

A

spleen pulls cells that are not damaged or old and sequesters them prematurely. Sickle cell clogs up the spleen and doesn’t let WBC through. Is an over overactive spleen.

55
Q

Hypersplenism aka splenomegaly=

A

inappropriate spleen function (overactive spleen)

56
Q

Leukemia-

A
  • cancer of the blood cells
  • Creates abnormal White Blood Cells
  • also interferes with erythrocyte and platelet maturation and causes platelet damage
57
Q

Where does leukemia take place

A

within the bone marrow

58
Q

Are leukemias Lymphocytic or Myelogenous?

A

Both Lymphocytic (lymphoid stem cells) and myelogenous (myeloid stem cells)

59
Q

What is the difference between acute leukemia and chronic leukemia

A 
Acute= rapid onset, has blast cells (immature)
Chronic= slow onset, has mature cells but they do not function properly
60
Q

What do you worry about with acute leukemia

A

Pancytopenia, worry about bleeding and immune responses.

61
Q

Pancytopenia

A

all blood cells are low

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute leukemia

A
  • Infection
  • Bleeding, bruising
  • Anemia
  • Malaise/Fatigue
  • weight loss
  • night sweats
  • bone pain
  • anorexia
63
Q

Kinds of leukemias

A 
Acute lymphocytic (ALL)
Acute Myelogenous (AML)

Chronic Mylogenous Leukemia (CML) Philadelphia Chromosome= translocation of chromosome 9 and 22

Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia (CLL)

64
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemias have lots of

A

B, T, NK but they are not functioning….so they do not make WBC, Monocytes, platelets or RBC because it is to busy making non functioing B, T, & NK cells

65
Q

Lymphadenopathy:

A

Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender

66
Q

General lymphadenopathy:

A

Occurs in the presence of malignant or non malignant disease

67
Q

Local Lymphadenopathy

A

Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node

68
Q

Infectious Mononeucleosis symptoms

A

Big lymphnodes in the neck and groin area

69
Q

What things cause lymphadenopathy

A

Neoplastic disease
Immunologic or inflammatory conditions
lipid storage diseases

70
Q

Malignant Lymphomas

A

Malignant transformation of a lymphocyte and proliferation of lymphocytes, histocytes, their precursors, and derivatives in lymphoid tissues

71
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • Linked to EBV
  • b cell problem that invades lymphoid organs such as the spleen, adenoids, and thalmus
  • B cells go through apoptosis instead of becoming antibodies
72
Q

What do you have to have present in order to diagnose hodgkin lymphoma

A

Reed Sternberg cells within the lymphnodes

73
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma affects…

A

Both B Cells and T cells

74
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • Adenopathy and Spleenomegaly (Enlarged adenoids and spleen
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Night sweats
  • pruritus (itching)
75
Q

Laboratory Findings for Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • Elevated ESR (Indicates inflammation)
  • Greatly elevated WBC
  • Low Lymphocyte count
76
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • Generic term for diverse group of lymphomas
  • Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas are linked to chromosome translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental agents, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune disorders
77
Q

Which one is worse:

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma or Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma because it effects both B & T cells and there is so many different Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

78
Q

What does a Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma do

A
  • clonal expansion of B cells (85%)
  • changes in pro-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to the cell immortality and thus increases malignant cells.
79
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma:

A
  • Most common type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in children
  • very fast growing tumor in the jaw or facial bones.
  • involves adenoids
  • linked to EBV
80
Q

Infectious Mononeucleosis (IM)

A
  • Acute self limiting infection of the B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact
  • Caused by the EBV 85% of the time
  • B cells have a EBC receptor site
  • Linked to Burketts Lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hodgkin lymphoma

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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