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Pathophysiology > Control of Resipratory Function Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Control of Resipratory Function Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Dyspena

A

“a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity”

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2
Q

Involuntary breathing is controlled by

A

Controlled by Medulla (ANS) - specifically the Respiratory Center (located within the Brain Stem, innervated by Vagus Nerve)

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3
Q

Voluntary

breathing is when the

A

Cortex - Overrides

an example would be holding your breath if needed.

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4
Q

What position would give the patient better circulation and better air

A

high fowlers

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5
Q

In the apex, the alvioli are

A

less in number but are bigger

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6
Q

What are conducting airways lined with?

A

mucous membranes

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7
Q

What do conducting airways do

A

Move air into lungs
Warm and humidify air
Trap inhaled particles

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8
Q

gas is exchanged within the

A

alveoli

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9
Q

True or false

The right bronchus is larger than the left

A

true

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10
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the lung

A

globule

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11
Q

Does co2 drive respiratory rate?

A

No, expecially not for COPD people

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12
Q

Ventilation=

A

alvioli

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13
Q

Profusion=

A

blood

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14
Q

The interstitial space is

A

the area between the basement membranes where gas exchange occurs

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15
Q

Lung structure/airways

Type I cells are?

A

Alveolar cells

Most cells are these cells

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16
Q

Type II cells are?

A

also Alveolar cells known as Pneumocytes

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17
Q

What do Pneumocytes do

A

they produce surfactant

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18
Q

What is surfactant

A

surfactant helps reduce surface tention to keep alvioli inflated.

babies that are born early may not have enough surfactant and they could die

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19
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange

Moves o2 into the blood
and co2 our of the blood

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20
Q

What is required for gas exchange

A

ventilation and profusion

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21
Q

What are the other functions of the lung other than gas exchange?

A

Blood storage

Regulates vasoconstricting (angiotension II) and vasodilating substances…(andiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II which is a blood constrictor)

Maintain PH (C02 up or down)

Eliminates water through breathing

maintain normal body temp

immune responses (antibacterial properties)

hormone secretion

metabolism

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22
Q

What components must a normal lung have in order to stay alive

A 
Adequate inspired O2 – (FiO2)
Ventilation and perfusion of alveoli
A permeable alveolocapillary membrane
Adequate blood flow
Ability to transport O2
Ability to Eliminate CO2
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23
Q

What is Fio2

A

a fraction of inspired o2, the amount of the oxygen content in the air you breathe

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24
Q

r/a

A

room air = 21% o2

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25
Q

what would happen if you didn’t have adequate oxygen

A

hypoxia

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26
Q

1 liter of oxygen =

A

24%

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27
Q

2 litter of oxygen =

A

28% increase in 4% incriments starting at 24%

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28
Q

what is ventilation

A

exchange of gas and air between the lungs and the atmosphere so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli

29
Q

Specifically Alveolar Ventilation is-

A

the effective ventilation within the ALVEOLI

30
Q

What are the early symptoms of hypoxia

A

RAT
restlessness
anxiety
Tachycardia/tachypenea

31
Q

What are the late symptoms of hypoxia

A

BED
bradycardia
extreme restlessness
dyspnea (severe)

32
Q

True or false

It is not within the nurses scope of practice to start oxygen

A

false, it is within the scope of practice for a nurse to start oxygen

33
Q

What happens in the event of a non ventilated alveolar shunt

A

blood would pass without getting oxygen

34
Q

What causes a non ventilated alveolar shunt

A

Obstruction
Constriction
Allergies
Mucus

35
Q

Would increasing the oxygen to someone that had an alveolar shunt help them?

A

yes, it will make up the deficit

36
Q

A normal lung has a permeable membrane which is a site for the gasous exchange called the

A

permeable alveolocapillary membrane

37
Q

What picks up the oxygen in the lungs

A

RBC’s, because of hemoglobin

38
Q

Blood flow=

A

profusion

39
Q

Why do hypoxic people get tired

A

because they breathe harder, respirate more, which causes exaustion.

40
Q

What does profusion of Alvioli mean

A

bloodflow to the alvioli

41
Q

What is perfusion

A

Perfusion is the delivery of the blood to the capillary bed

42
Q

Specifically Alveolar Perfusion is the

A

delivery of blood to the capillary bed that supplies the Alveoli - to be delivered to other organs and body tissues

43
Q

What if you were breathing air and it got into the Alveoli, but there was no blood to pick up the Oxygen?

A

alveolar dead space

44
Q

What Might cause this type of problem?

Would increasing the amount of delivered oxygen help?

A

hypertension

yes

45
Q

dead space

A

dead space refers to the air that must be moved with each breath but does not particupate in gas exchange

46
Q

What if you had Ventilation and Perfusion - but not enough Hemoglobin or altered ability to carry Hemoglobin?

A

usually happens with Anemias

47
Q

What if Hemoglobin was attached to Carbon Monoxide?

A

happens with car exaust suicide

red blood cells are taken up by co2

48
Q

Shunt ventilation=

A

obtruction
contriction
allergies
mucus

49
Q

dead space perfusion

A

heart failure
clots
blood loss

50
Q

shunt is bloodflow without o2 and dead space is

A

o2 without bloodflow to it

51
Q

What if you were unable to elimate o2, this would be reffered to as

A

hypercapnea

52
Q

if you had no _____ you could not get rid of co2

A

perfusion

53
Q

if you had decreased ________ you may hold onto excess co2

A

ventilation

54
Q

What is lung compliance

A

The ease with which the lungs can be inflated

55
Q

What does lung compliance depend on

A

Elastic Properties
Water Content
Surface Tension

56
Q

What happened if the lungs became stiff

A

Collagen fibers of scar Tissue have replaced Elastin Fibers

57
Q

Elastic Properties

A

how much it stretches and gives

58
Q

Water Content

in the lungs is

A

reduced area for oxygen exchange

59
Q

surface tension in the lungs involves

A

surfactant

high surfactant = hard to inflate

60
Q

What changes the elastic properties in the lungs

A

If they are CONGESTED OR EDEMATOUS

61
Q

Reversible Decrease in Compliance

mean

A

after mucus is gone, the lung goes back to normal

62
Q

Increased water content in the lung usually means

A

heart failures

high elevations can also cause pulmonary edema

63
Q

Elastic Properties - Recoil

A

If they are ALREADY STRETCHED OUT - more compliant

Unable to go back to original state

Easy to inflate, but hard to deflate

64
Q

Surface Tension

in lung compliance means

A

Surfactant

Lowers surface Tension- increases compliance

Prevents Pulmonary Edema

65
Q

If you do not have approximately equal

Ventilation and Perfusion it is called:

A

Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch (V/Q)

66
Q

if Ventilation and Perfusion are not matched properly what happens

A

hypoxia

67
Q

ventilation down means

A

no o2 in the alvioli, shunt or deadspace

68
Q

A nurse remembers a low ventilation perfusion ratio results in

A

shunting

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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