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Respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical presentation of influenza?

A 
Fever
Malaise- feeling uneasy
Myalgia- muscle pain
headache
Cough
Prostration
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2
Q

What are the types of ‘classical’ flu viruses?

A

Influenza A

Influenza B

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3
Q

What is a type of ‘Flu-like’ illnesses?

A

parainfluenza viruses

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4
Q

How can flu be transmitted?

A

Droplets/direct contac

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5
Q

when is influenzal pneumonia likely to be seen?

A

In pandemic years

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6
Q

What pneumonia are associated with flu?

A

Primary influenzal pneumonia

secondary bacterial pneumonia

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7
Q

who is at risk of primary influenzal pneumonia?

A

yound adults

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8
Q

who is at risk of secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

infants, elderly, debilitated, pre-existing disease, pregnant women

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9
Q

What is the symptomatic treatment of flu?

A

bed rest
fluids
paracetamol

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10
Q

what are some antivirals for flu?

A

Osetamivir

Zanamivir

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11
Q

when do NICE say antivirals should be given?

A

to patients at risk of complications when flu is circulating/ early in disease

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12
Q

What is the main cause of epidemics?

A

antigen shift

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13
Q

What is the genome of influenza like?

A

multiple segments

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14
Q

what factors can bring about new flu strains?

A

Antigenic shift
segmented genome
animal reservoir

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15
Q

which flu is associated with birds?

A

Avian flu

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16
Q

How do you confirm flu in a lab?

A

mostly by PCR

antibody detection

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17
Q

What types of vaccines can be used to prevent flu?

A

Killed vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine (Given to children aged 2-17)
Antivirals

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18
Q

What bacteria are associated with community acquired pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii
Chlamydophila psittaci

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19
Q

What caused Q fever?

A

coxiella burnetii

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20
Q

which bacteria is associated with sheep and goats?

A

coxiella burnetii

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21
Q

what is a complication of coxiella burnetii?

A

Culture negative endocarditis

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22
Q

what animals can spread pneumonia?

A

parrots, budgies, cockatiels

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23
Q

what are the clinical presentations of brochiolitis?

A 
age 1 or 2
fever
coryza
cough
wheeze

(sometimes grunting, decreased PaO2, intercostal/sternal indrawing)

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24
Q

what age groups have the highest incidence of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Children

Young adults

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25
what are complications of bronchiolitis?
Resp/cardiac failure
26
what causes 80% of bronchiolitis?
Resp. syncytial virus
27
what are some good ways to prevent nosocomial spread?
Cohort nursing | Hand washing, gowns, gloves
28
what virus affects most children by age of 5?
metapneumovirus
29
What's is chlamydia trachomatis?
STI causing infantile pneumonia | diagnosed by PCR on urine/ throat swabs on child
30
What's the difference between colonisation and infection?
``` Colonisation= presence of organism Infection= inflammation as a result of colonisation ```
31
What are some URT defences?
``` Nasal hairs Cilliated epithelia IgA Saliva Cough ```
32
What are some Gram +ve colonisers in URT?
Strep pneumoniae Strep pyogenes Staphylococcud aureus
33
What are some Gram -ve colonisers in URT?
Haemophilus influenzae | moraxella catatrrhalis
34
what are some conducting airway defences?
mucocilliary escalator cough AMPs
35
When can conducting airways occur?
Large ammount of bugs strong bugs immunity low trauma
36
What are clinical findings of Acute bronchitis?
Normal CXR infection and inflammation of bronchi productive cough possible wheeze/fever
37
What are microbiological findings of acute bronchitis?
preceded by UTR infection normal chest examination and CXR sometimes whooping cough
38
What bacteria is associated with whooping cough?
Bordetella Pertussis
39
How long does pertussis cause a cough for?
3 weeks. | post bacterial afterwards
40
How would you describe a whooping cough?
Paroxysmal coughing
41
How would you diagnose whooping cough?
bacterial culture PCR Serology Clinical signs and symptoms
42
What is FFP3?
Filtering face piece 3
43
Which RTIs are associated with airborn transmition?
TB | some viruses
44
What bugs are associated with CF?
Staph. aureus, haemophilus influenzae, strep. pneumonae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, burkholderia cepacia etc.
45
What are some LRT defences?
alveolar lining fluid | alveolar macrophages and neutrophils
46
What are clinical presentations of community acquired pneumonis/
``` cough increased sputum chest pain dyspnoea fever CXR with infiltrates ```
47
what is the most common bug for community acquired pneumonia?
Strep. pneumoniae
48
how would you diagnose community acquired pneumonia?
Sputum culture purulence viral PCR
49
What increases risk of pneumonia?
smoking age immunocompromise
50
What is typical pneumonia?
Quick onset symptoms all in the lung strep. pneumoniae
51
what is atypical pneumonia?
not strep. pneumoniae | rash/diarrhea/headache
52
What's aspiration pneumonia?
when bugs from the mouth get infected in the lungs
53
What's the best way to diagnose Legionella?
PCR
54
What treatments are available for legionella pneumonia?
Clarythromycin Erythromycin Ouinolones (C antibiotic)
55
Where is legionella likely to be found?
warm water
56
Who's at risk of legionella?
``` over 55 diabetes smoking malignancy altered immunity ```
57
What is walking pneumonia?
usually young person, non productive cought, malaise, myalgia CXR shows pneumonia but they don't feel too sick can get a rash (TARGET LESSION)
58
why can't amoxicillin be used for walking pneumonia?
organism has no cell wall
59
What group of people are more likely to get staph aureus pneumonia?
Iv drug abusers
60
What is relative bradycardia associated with?
Legionella mycoplasma tularaemia chlamydia
61
What are some pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia?
``` Parasites Brucella Endemic mycoses Psittacosis TB ```

Respiratory (19 decks)

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