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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the URT?

A

Right and left nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx (naso, oro and laryngo), larynx

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2
Q

What are the main components of the LRT?

A

Trachea, right and left bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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3
Q

What is at the level of C6 vertebra

A

The larynx becomes the trachea

The pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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4
Q

Where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

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5
Q

Function of the chest wall

A

To protect the heart and lungs, to make the movements of breathing, and for lactation in breast tissue

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6
Q

Function of chest cavity

A

To contain vital organs (viscera), major vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

What makes up the chest cavity?

A

The mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities

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8
Q

What are the two types of pleura?

A

Visceral (on lungs) and Parietal (on wall)

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9
Q

What force causes the two pleura layers to stick together?

A

surface tension

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10
Q

What are the lobes on the right lung?

And name the fissures present

A

Upper, middle and lower

Oblique and horizontal

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11
Q

What are the lobes on the left lung?

And name the fissures present

A

Upper, lower (and lingula attatched to upper lobe)

Oblique

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12
Q

What are the 10 segments of the lung supplied by each bronchi?

A

Bronchopulmanory segments

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13
Q

How many of each rib type is there?

A

Ribs 1-7= true ribs
Ribs 8-10= false ribs (attached via shared costal cartilage- costal margin)
Ribs 11-12= floating ribs

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14
Q

Name the parts of a rib posteriorly to anteriorly

A

Head, neck, tubercle, body, rib angle, costal grove, (sternocostal joint)

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15
Q

What are the two synovial joints associated with the ribs?

A

costovertebral, sternocostal

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16
Q

what is the “junction”/joint associated with the ribs?

A

Costochondral

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17
Q

Name the three types of intercostal muscles?

A

external (striated ‘hands in pockets’)
internal (striated ‘hands on chest’
innermost

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18
Q

Which nerve supplies the diagram?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

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19
Q

What lies in the intercostal spaces?

A

Intercostal muscle & neurovascular bundle:

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20
Q

Where does the intercostal nerve supply come from?

A

Anterior ramus of spinal nerve

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21
Q

What is the anterior blood supply to intercostal space?

A

Internal thoracic artery and internal thoracic vein

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22
Q

What is the posterior blood supply to intercostal space?

A

Thoracic aorta and Azygous vein

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23
Q

What makes the diaphragm unique to other skeletal muscles?

A

It has an unusual central tendon

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24
Q

How can the anatomical arrangement of the diaphragm be described?

A

Right and left domes- right being more superior

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25
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach?

A

The sternum
The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

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26
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve found?

A

In the neck: Anterior surface of the scalenus anterior surface
In the thorax: Descending over the lateral aspects of the heart

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27
Q

What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

A

supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium

Supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm

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28
Q

What are the 3 components of inspiration mechanics?

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts and descends
  2. Intercostal muscles contract and expand laterally
  3. Chest wall pulls the parietal pleura out with it, which moves visceral pleura due to the surface tension- bringing about negative pressure so air will travel in
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29
Q

What are the 3 components of expiration mechanics?

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes and rises
  2. Intercostal muscles relax and lower
  3. elastic tissue of lungs recoils
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30
Q

What type of lymph draining is present in breast tissue?

A

UNILATERAL from lateral quadrants to AXILLARY NODES

BILATERAL from medial quadrants to PARASTERNAL NODES

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31
Q

Where does the cephalic vein lie?

A

in the delto-pectoral groove

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32
Q

what causes a winged scapula?

A

Injury of the long thoracic nerve

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33
Q

What skeletal muscles lie inferior to the auxilla?

A 
Latissimus dorsi
Serratus anterior (anchors scapula to ribs)
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34
Q

What is the most dependent part of the pleural cavity?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess (at higher risk of pleural effusion or haemothorax)

35
Q

What structures make up the right lung hilum?

A

Main bronchi
Pulmonary arteries (superior and anterior)
Pulmonary veins (inferior and posterior)
Pulmonary lymph nodes

36
Q

Which structures cause dents in the right lung?

A

Heart, diaphragm, superior vena cava, azygous vein

37
Q

What structures make up the left lung hulum?

A

Pulmonary artery (most superior)
Main bronchi
Pulmonary veins (lateral to bronchi)
Pulmonary lymph nodes

38
Q

Which structures cause dents in the left lung?

A

heart, diaphragm, aorta, common carotid artery

39
Q

Where on the lung should be auscultated?

A 
All 5 lung lobes
The apices (top- space above clavicle)
The bases (posterior)
40
Q

What are the two stages of coughing?

A

Stimulation of sensory receptors in the mucosa

Rapid response of CNS

41
Q

what Cranial nerves are associated with coughing?

A

CN IX

CNX

42
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with sneezing?

A

CNV

CN IX

43
Q

what are the carotid sheaths?

A

protective tubes of cervical deep fascia that attach superiorly to bones at base of the neck and blend inferiourly with the fascia of the mediastinum

44
Q

what do carotid sheaths contain?

A

Vagus nerve
Internal carotid artery
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein

45
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic are both what type of nerves?

A

motor

46
Q

what picks up sensations in LRT?

A

Pulmonary visceral afferents

47
Q

via which nerve do the sensory signals travel up?

A

The vagus nerve

48
Q

What is the pulmonary plexus?

A

Sympathetic axons
Parasympathetic axons
visceral afferents

49
Q

what nerve controls the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

50
Q

what muscle does the phrenic nerve run anterior to?

A

scalenus anterior

51
Q

where can diaphragmatic/ liver pain be overted?

A

shoulders

52
Q

what caused the diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally in deep inspiration?

A

greater outflow of action potentials of a longer duration

53
Q

what are the anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11?

A

intercostal nerves

54
Q

what are the accessory muscles of deep inspiration?

A
  1. Pectoralis major (attatches between sternum/ribs and humerus)
  2. Pectoralis minor (can pull ribs 3-5 superiorly towards the coracoid process of the scapula)
  3. sternocleidomastoid
  4. Scalenus
55
Q

What is the space between the vocal chords?

A

Rima glottidis

56
Q

what supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Somatic motor

Barnches of the vagus nerve

57
Q

what is the intrinsic muscles of the larynx’s role in couging?

A

They adduct the vocal cords

58
Q

what is the vagus nerves’ function in coughing?

A

supplies somatic sensory and somatic motor axons to the larynx

59
Q

what do the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles do in coughing?

A

Contract to forcefully increase intra-abdominal pressure

60
Q

what is the aponeurosis?

A

flattened tendon running from xyphoid process to pubic synthesis

61
Q

which oblique muscles lie inferior to the ribs?

A

internal obliques

62
Q

where are the transversus abdominus muscles?

A

deep to internal oblique

63
Q

where can the thoracoabdominal nerves be found?

A

7th to 11th intercostal nerves

64
Q

guarding function of abdominal muscles protects from what?

A

both external and internal dangers

65
Q

where can the subcostal nerve be found?

A

T12 anterior ramus

66
Q

where is the iliohypogastric nerve found?

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

67
Q

where is the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

half of L1 anterior ramus

68
Q

what can asthma lead to due to excess coughing?

A

rupture of lung/ visceral pleura

69
Q

how big is a small pheumothorax?

A

less than 2cm

70
Q

how big is a large pneumothorax?

A

greater than 2 cm

71
Q

what exams can diagnose a pneumothorax?

A

reduced ipsilateral chest expansion
reduced ipsilateral breath sounds
hyper resonace on percussion

72
Q

what is a tension pneumothorax?

A

one-way-valve that permits air to enter pleural cavity but not escape

73
Q

what is the level of the superior mediastinim?

A

level of sternal angle and T4/T5 vertebrae

74
Q

what is in the posterior mediastinum?

A

nerves

75
Q

what is in the middle mediastinum?

A

the heart

76
Q

what are some consequences of a mediastinal shift?

A

Trachial deviation away from side of a unilateral tension pneumothorax

77
Q

what does SVC compression lead to?

A

hypotension

78
Q

how do you manage a large pneumothorax?

A
  1. needle aspiration
  2. chest drain

Both via the 4th or 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line

79
Q

what is the ‘safe triangle’ for chest drains?

A

Anterior border of laissimus dorsi
Posterior border of pectoralis major
Axial line superior to nipple

80
Q

what is the emergency management of tension pneumothorax?

A

via 2nd or 3rd intercostal space

81
Q

What are the two factors of a hernia?

A
  1. weakness of structure (usually part of body wall)

2. increased pressure on one side of that part of the wall

82
Q

What are some types of hernia?

A 
Diaphragmatic hernia
umbilical hernia
inguinal hernia
femoral hernia
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
incisional hernia
83
Q

what is the thing to remember holes in diaphragm?

A

I 8 10 eggs At 12

84
Q

what are two different hiatus hernia?

A

paraoesophageal hiatus

sliding hiatus hernia

Respiratory (19 decks)

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