Biochemistry Flashcards
what are Pathogenic clinical signs?
a sign particularly characteristic to a specific disese
what can biochemical tests be used for?
Diagnosis Monitoring Screening Treatment prognosis
diagnostic enzymes associated with the muscles?
CK
diagnostic enzymes associated with the heart?
Trophonin
Diagnostic enzymes associated with the blood?
AST
LDH
diagnostic enzymes associated with the liver?
ALT
ALK PHOS
gamma GT
diagnostic enzymes associated with the pancreas?
amylase
diagnostic enzymes associated with bone?
ALK PHOS
what is CK
a cardiac enzyme that is released into the circulation from a myocardial infarction
high CK indicates?
presence of a MI
a good diagnostic test should have a high percent of what?
True positive results
what is sensitivity?
how good a test is at correctly identifying a disease
what is specificity?
how good a test is at correctly identifying who is healthy
what is a positive predictive value?
eg. % of people with a high CK who have MI
post-test probability of disease
what is the prevalence?
percentage of
people in population with disease
what is a negative predictive value?
eg. % of people with normal CK h=who don’t have MI
post-test probability of health
what is the most useful prevalence for a test?
50%
diagnostic cut-off moved to the right means?
less false positives
high specificity
low sensitivity
diagnostic cut-off moved to the left meant?
more false positives
low specificity
high sensitivity
chest pain tests?
history/examination
ECG
older blood tests (like CK)
Troponins
what is 1 - NPV?
Tells you who had negative result but is actually positive-percentage
How would you compensate the primary problem of too much H+?
excrete more CO2
How would you compensate the primary problem of too much CO2?
excrete more H+ via renal system
what can loss of acid from the blood cause?
hypoventilation
what does too little CO2 cause?
hyperventilation
choking,
bronchopneumonia &
COAD are causes of what acid/base disorder?
respiratory Acidosis
Hysterical overbreathing,
mechanical over-ventilation &
raised intracradial pressure are causes of which acid-base dissorder?
respiratory Alkalosis
Impaired H+ excretion,
increased H+ production or ingestion &
loss of HCO3- are causes of which acid/base dissorder?
metabolic acidosis
Loss of H+ in vomit,
alkali ingestion &
potassium dificiency are causes of which acid/base dissorder?
metabolic alkalosis
which chemical is the most effective acid buffer and why?
Bicarbonate because the system doesn’t reach equilibrium as CO2 is blown off by the lungs
what are the ‘arterial blood gasses’?
H+
pCO2
HCO3-
pO2
what is the normal level of arterial H+?
35-45 nmol/L
what is the normal level of arterial PCO2?
4.5-5.6 kPa
what are the normal levels of arterial PO2?
12-15 kPa
what are the normal levels of HCO3-?
21-28 nmol?L
what is the respiratory component of acid-base management?
pCO2
what is the metabolic component of acid-base management?
HCO3-
A primary change in PCO2 indicates which type of dissorder?
Respiratory
A primary change in HCO3- indicates which typr of dissorder?
Metabolic
What is acidaemia?
increase in H+ concentration
what is alkalaemia?
decrease in H+ concentration
