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A&P II > Respiratory System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What law is this? As Pressure increases, Volume decreases

A

Boyles law

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2
Q

Does P or V have to increase to inhale?

A

V in lungs to inhale

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3
Q

What is intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure commonly known as?

A

forceful exhalation

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4
Q

Should intrapleural pressure be negative or positive?

A

Almost always negative

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5
Q

What kind of pressure creates suction?

A

Negative P

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6
Q

Inhaling below or above atm P?

A

Below

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7
Q

Exhaling below or above atm P?

A

Above

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8
Q

At what pressure does alveolar pressure tend to hover around?

A

760 mmHh (1 atm)

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9
Q

Inhalation or Inspiration is driven by what bodily system?

A

Muscular

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10
Q

What is quiet breathing and what muscles drive it?

A

normal breathing at rest; diaphragm, intercostals

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11
Q

What is deep breathing and what muscles drive it?

A

anything beyond normal breathing; accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, pec minors)

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12
Q

What is the flow of breathing in terms of structures?

A

Body wall/parietal layer moves>visceral layer follows due to negative pressure>lungs follow due to negative pressure>lung volume increases

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13
Q

Exhalation (expiration): Is quiet breathing passive or active?

A

Passive; relies on elastic recoil or the elasticity (relaxation) of the muscles and lungs themselves

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14
Q

Exhalation (expiration): Is deep breathing passive or active?

A

Active; relies on contraction of abdominals and internal intercostals

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15
Q

What is compliance in regards to respiration?

A

How elastic your lungs are

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16
Q

Does surface tension of alveolar fluid pull inward or outward?

A

inward

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17
Q

What is the surface tension of alveolar fluid?

A

2/3 of elastic recoil

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18
Q

What is eupnea?

A

normal breathing pattern

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19
Q

what is apnea?

A

stopping of normal breathing

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20
Q

What is costal breathing?

A

shallow breathing (chest expansion due to ext. intercostals)

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21
Q

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

A

deep breathing (abdominal movement due to diaphragm)

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22
Q

What are hiccups?

A

spasm of the diaphragm (considered a modified movement)

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23
Q

What is a modified movement as it applies to respiration?

A

actions such as laughing, sobbing, sneezing, speaking, etc

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24
Q

What is getting the wind knocked out of you caused by?

A

a cramped diaphragm making it unable to contract temporarily

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25
Q

What is tidal volume and what is it’s normal value?

A

the amt of air we move during normal quiet breathing; 500 mL

26
Q

What is inspiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?

A

addl amt beyond tidal volume; 3100mL - (1900mL)

27
Q

What is inspiratory capacity and what is its normal value range?

A

Total of tidal volume + inhalation reserve; 3600mL - (2400mL)

28
Q

What is expiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?

A

addl amt beyond tidal volume expelled; 1200mL - (700mL)

29
Q

Where is inspiratory reserve found on a spirogram?

A

on the inhalation curve

30
Q

Where is expiratory reserve found on a spirogram?

A

the lowest point on the exhalation curve

31
Q

What is total lung capacity and what is its normal value range?

A

Total volume of movable air during deep breathing (Inhalation + Exhalation); 6000mL - (4200mL)

32
Q

In what direction does a pressure gradient flow?

A

from high to low

33
Q

What law is this? Total P = sum of the partials

A

Dalton’s law

34
Q

What does partial pressure determine?

A

individual movement of gases

35
Q

What is Henry’s law applied to?

A

air going in blood

36
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

amount of gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility

37
Q

Does CO2 have a higher concentration in plasma than O2?

A

yes, it is about 24x more soluble

38
Q

What four factors is gas exchange rate influenced by

A

Partial pressure difference (exercise or altitude)
Surface area of alveoli
Diffusion distance (longer distance makes rate go down
Molecular weight and solubility of gas

39
Q

Percentage of oxygen transport in plasma

A

1.5%

40
Q

percentage of oxygen transport in hemoglobin/RBCs

A

98.5%

41
Q

Can hemoglobin be partially or fully saturated?

A

yes

42
Q

What is affinity

A

tightness of binding

43
Q

What effect does acidity have on affinity?

A

pH decrease (more acidic) leads to affinity decrease (oxygen comes off)

44
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

H+ binding causes O2 unloading (and vice versa)

45
Q

Describe Hemoglobin as it pertains to the Bohr effect

A

Hemoglobin acts as a natural buffer for H+, but H+ binding alters structure

46
Q

When CO2 binds to Hb, what happens?

A

O2 is released; this trend is good

47
Q

What effect does temperature have on affinity?

A

affinity decreases (oxygen comes off)

48
Q

How much higher of an affinity does fetal hemoglobin have vs adult hemoglobin?

A

30% higher

49
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

7%

50
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in Carbamin compounds?

A

23%

51
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

52
Q

When bicarbonate comes out…

A

chloride comes in

53
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Hb is either carrying CO2 or oxygen, not both

54
Q

What is the respiratory center known as more commonly?

A

The autopilot center

55
Q

What brain structure is the respiratory center driven by?

A

the medulla and pons

56
Q

Neurons rhythmically discharge in the…

A

Inspiratory area

57
Q

What brain structure is the override center for respiration?

A

Pons

58
Q

What is the pneumotaxic area?

A

the get moving area

59
Q

What is the Apneustic area?

A

the yawn area

60
Q

What area overrides the other? Apneustic or pneumotaxic?

A

Pneumotaxic

A&P II (11 decks)

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