Respiratory System (Exam 2) Flashcards
What law is this? As Pressure increases, Volume decreases
Boyles law
Does P or V have to increase to inhale?
V in lungs to inhale
What is intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure commonly known as?
forceful exhalation
Should intrapleural pressure be negative or positive?
Almost always negative
What kind of pressure creates suction?
Negative P
Inhaling below or above atm P?
Below
Exhaling below or above atm P?
Above
At what pressure does alveolar pressure tend to hover around?
760 mmHh (1 atm)
Inhalation or Inspiration is driven by what bodily system?
Muscular
What is quiet breathing and what muscles drive it?
normal breathing at rest; diaphragm, intercostals
What is deep breathing and what muscles drive it?
anything beyond normal breathing; accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, pec minors)
What is the flow of breathing in terms of structures?
Body wall/parietal layer moves>visceral layer follows due to negative pressure>lungs follow due to negative pressure>lung volume increases
Exhalation (expiration): Is quiet breathing passive or active?
Passive; relies on elastic recoil or the elasticity (relaxation) of the muscles and lungs themselves
Exhalation (expiration): Is deep breathing passive or active?
Active; relies on contraction of abdominals and internal intercostals
What is compliance in regards to respiration?
How elastic your lungs are
Does surface tension of alveolar fluid pull inward or outward?
inward
What is the surface tension of alveolar fluid?
2/3 of elastic recoil
What is eupnea?
normal breathing pattern
what is apnea?
stopping of normal breathing
What is costal breathing?
shallow breathing (chest expansion due to ext. intercostals)
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
deep breathing (abdominal movement due to diaphragm)
What are hiccups?
spasm of the diaphragm (considered a modified movement)
What is a modified movement as it applies to respiration?
actions such as laughing, sobbing, sneezing, speaking, etc
What is getting the wind knocked out of you caused by?
a cramped diaphragm making it unable to contract temporarily
What is tidal volume and what is it’s normal value?
the amt of air we move during normal quiet breathing; 500 mL
What is inspiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?
addl amt beyond tidal volume; 3100mL - (1900mL)
What is inspiratory capacity and what is its normal value range?
Total of tidal volume + inhalation reserve; 3600mL - (2400mL)
What is expiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?
addl amt beyond tidal volume expelled; 1200mL - (700mL)
Where is inspiratory reserve found on a spirogram?
on the inhalation curve
Where is expiratory reserve found on a spirogram?
the lowest point on the exhalation curve
What is total lung capacity and what is its normal value range?
Total volume of movable air during deep breathing (Inhalation + Exhalation); 6000mL - (4200mL)
In what direction does a pressure gradient flow?
from high to low
What law is this? Total P = sum of the partials
Dalton’s law
What does partial pressure determine?
individual movement of gases
What is Henry’s law applied to?
air going in blood
What is Henry’s law?
amount of gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility
Does CO2 have a higher concentration in plasma than O2?
yes, it is about 24x more soluble
What four factors is gas exchange rate influenced by
Partial pressure difference (exercise or altitude)
Surface area of alveoli
Diffusion distance (longer distance makes rate go down
Molecular weight and solubility of gas
Percentage of oxygen transport in plasma
1.5%
percentage of oxygen transport in hemoglobin/RBCs
98.5%
Can hemoglobin be partially or fully saturated?
yes
What is affinity
tightness of binding
What effect does acidity have on affinity?
pH decrease (more acidic) leads to affinity decrease (oxygen comes off)
What is the Bohr effect?
H+ binding causes O2 unloading (and vice versa)
Describe Hemoglobin as it pertains to the Bohr effect
Hemoglobin acts as a natural buffer for H+, but H+ binding alters structure
When CO2 binds to Hb, what happens?
O2 is released; this trend is good
What effect does temperature have on affinity?
affinity decreases (oxygen comes off)
How much higher of an affinity does fetal hemoglobin have vs adult hemoglobin?
30% higher
How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?
7%
How much CO2 is dissolved in Carbamin compounds?
23%
How much CO2 is dissolved in bicarbonate ions?
70%
When bicarbonate comes out…
chloride comes in
What is the Haldane effect?
Hb is either carrying CO2 or oxygen, not both
What is the respiratory center known as more commonly?
The autopilot center
What brain structure is the respiratory center driven by?
the medulla and pons
Neurons rhythmically discharge in the…
Inspiratory area
What brain structure is the override center for respiration?
Pons
What is the pneumotaxic area?
the get moving area
What is the Apneustic area?
the yawn area
What area overrides the other? Apneustic or pneumotaxic?
Pneumotaxic
