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A&P II > Blood Physiology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Blood Physiology (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood do?

A
  • Transportatiton - gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • Regulation - pH, temperature, and water levels
  • Protection - clotting, immunity, and phagocytosis
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2
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When phagocytes essentially devour foreign bacteria.

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3
Q

What is the average temperature of blood?

A

100.4 degrees F

compare that to normal body temp of 98.6 degrees F

(blood helps store heat)

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4
Q

Average pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

(slightly more basic than acidic)

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5
Q

What volume of blood is contained within Males and Females on average?

A

Males - 5-6L

Females - 4-5L

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6
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

More viscous than water.

(Blood is thicker than water)

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7
Q

What color is blood?

A

Red (oxygenated)

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8
Q

What component makes up the majority of Blood Plasma?

A

Water (91.5%)

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9
Q

What are the component of Blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed elements
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10
Q

What is plasma?

A

a non-living fluid matrix

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11
Q

What are the formed elements?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Erythrocytes
  • Thrombocytes

LET

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12
Q

What are the 5 types of Leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils

NLEMB

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13
Q

Normal Percentage of Neutrophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 60-70%
  • phagocytosis of bacteria; defensins
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14
Q

What is a defensin?

A

a peptide in WBCs that plays a role in the prevention or elimination of infection

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15
Q

Normal Percentage of Lymphocytes in WBC count and function?

A
  • 20-25% (2nd most common)
  • B-cells
    • antibody secretion, attack bacteria
  • T-cells
    • attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted cells
      • NK cells - Type of T-cell - nonspecific defense
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16
Q

What are the two (technically 3) types of Lymphocytes and what is their function?

A
  • B-cells
    • antibody secretion, attack bacteria
  • T-cells
    • attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted cells
      • NK cells - nonspecific defense
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17
Q

Normal Percentage of Monocytes in WBC count and function?

A
  • 3-8%
  • phagocytosis as macrophages
    • emigrates - leaves bloodstream -becomes macrophage
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18
Q

Normal Percentage of Eosinophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 2-4%
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, antihistamine
  • increased prevalance when parasitic worms are present
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19
Q

Normal Percentage of Basophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 0.5-1%
  • intensifies inflammatory response
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20
Q

Info nugget: Differential WBC Count

A
  • If a particular Leukocyte percentage varies from normal, it impacts the percentage of the other Leukocyte types.
  • Differential Leukocyte percentages allow identification of infection, allergic reactions, blood disorders, etc.
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21
Q

Info nugget: Leukemia

A
  • Diagnosis of Leukemia stems from an elevated leukocyte count
  • The higher number of leukocytes are less functional than normal and causes underproduction of Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes
  • Decreased Eryhtrocytes = anemia
  • Decreased Thrombocytes = clotting issues
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22
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is protein?

A

7%

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23
Q

What are the 3 blood plasma proteins, their normal percentage and their function?

A
  • Albumin (54%) - transport
  • Globulins (38%) - antibodies
  • Fibrinogen (7%) - main clotting protein
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24
Q

Normal platelet count per µL

A

150k-400k per µL

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25
Q

Normal WBC count per µL

A

5k-10k per µL

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26
Q

Normal RBC count per µL

A

4.8MM-5.4MM per µL

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27
Q

What is Hemopoiesis?

A

The generation of blood cells

  • Blood cells in general, not a specific type
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28
Q

Where does Hemopoiesis start?

A

Red bone marrow

29
Q

What is the hierarchy of cells in hemopoiesis from early-stage to late-stage cells?

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cells (develop into several different types
  2. Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
  3. Progenitor cells (from some myeloids)
  4. “Blasts” - precursors to specific types
    • eg. eosinophilic myeloblast becomes eosinophil

P(ML)PB

30
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?

A

the creation of red blood cells

31
Q

What is the hierarchy of cells in erythropoiesis from early-stage to late-stage?

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Colony Forming Unit - Erythrocyte (CFU-E)
  4. Proerythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte (nucleus is ejected into bloodstream)
  6. Erythrocyte matures in 1-2 days then enters bloodstream

PMCPRE

32
Q

What triggers erythropoiesis?

A
  • Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys which stimulates erythropoiesis
  • Hypoxia triggers kidneys to release EPO
33
Q

Describe the Negative Feedback cycle of Erythropoiesis

A
  • Hypoxia triggers the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO)
  • EPO causes proerythroblasts to mature more rapidly
  • This leads to more RBCs, which means greater oxygen-carrying capacity to tissues (including kidneys)
  • Kidneys detect stable oxygen-carrying capacity and halts the release of EPO
34
Q

What is Hemoglobin and what are its componenets?

A
  • a protein that transports oxygen in the blood.
    • Globin - protein composed of four chains
    • Heme - Fe2+ at center binds to O2
      • One Heme per chain = 4 O2 per molecule
  • B12 also needed
35
Q

How many Hemoglobin molecules per RBC?

A

280 million molecules per RBC

36
Q

What is anemia?

A

a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

37
Q

What are the types of anemia?

A
  • Hemorrhagic anemia - blood loss
  • Aplastic anemia - marrow doesn’t produce RBCs
  • Thalassemia - inherited - fewer RBC and hemoglobin
  • Hemolytic anemia - RBC destruction
  • Iron-deficient anemia - most common
  • Megaloblastic anemia - larger RBCs
  • Pernicious anemia - cannot absorb B12 (type of megalobalstic)
  • Sickle-cell disease - malformed hemoglobin/RBCs

HATH IMPS

38
Q

What is Hemorrhagic anemia?

A

type of anemia characterized as blood loss

39
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

type of anemia characterized by marrow not producing RBCs

40
Q

What is Thalassemia?

A

type of anemia that is inherited where there are fewer RBCs and hemoglobin

41
Q

What is Hemolytic anemia?

A

anemia characterized by RBC destruction

42
Q

What is iron deficient anemia?

A
  • anemia characterized by iron deficiency
  • most common
43
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

anemia characterized by larger RBCs

44
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A
  • anemia characterized by inability to absorb B12
  • type of megaloblastic anemia
45
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

anemia characterized by malformed hemoglobin/RBCs

46
Q

What is the ife cycle of erythrocytes?

47
Q

Describe the RBC destruction process

A
  • Macrophages in spleen, liver and red marrow target old/damaged RBCs
  • Heme breakdown occurs
    • Fe3+ attaches to transferrin - can be transported back to red marrow
    • Fe3+ can detach and be stored by ferritin in some locations (liver, muscle)
    • Non-iron portion > biliverdin > bilirubin
      • non-iron portion is excreted
    • Bilirubin transported to liver, released into bile, passed to intestine > urobilinogen > stercobilin (poo)
    • Jaundice
48
Q

What is the general function of leukocytes?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Immune Response
  • Emigration (Diapedesis)
    • leaves blood cells to go to other tissues

PIE

49
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

movement toward a chemical stimulus

50
Q

From what stem cells do leukocytes originate?

A

With the exception of lymphocytes, myeloid stem cells are where leukocytes originate from

  • Myeloid stem cells
    • lymphocytes originate from lymphoid stem cells
51
Q

How do B and T cells develop?

A
  • Begin as pluripotent stem cells
  • become lymphoid stem cell
  • finish development in lymphatic tissues to become either B or T cell
52
Q

What is the role of cytokines (CSFs and interleukins)?

A

Trigger the development of leukocytes

53
Q

What are the two types of neutrophils?

A

band and segmented

total of 60-70%

54
Q

What is an NK Cell?

A

Natural Killer Cell

55
Q

What do T-Cells do?

A

they go after virus-infected cells and destroy the entire cell

56
Q

Thrombocytes: Cell Hiearchy from inception to maturity, count per µL, and functions (2)

A
  • Thrombopoeietin causes myeloid stem cells > megakaryoblasts > megakaryocytes > splinter into platelets (thrombocytes)
  • 150,000-400,000 per uL
  • Form plugs in damaged vessels
  • Release clotting factors
57
Q

Hemostasis: Definition and what are its mechanisms (3)?

A
  • Sequence of responses that stops bleeding (possible hemorrhage)

Mechanisms:

  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Blood clotting (Coagulation)
58
Q

Vascular spasm: What is it and what does it do?

A
  • Immediate contraction of smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles
  • Reduces blood loss - allows time for other mechanisms to start

*** review diagrams

59
Q

Platelet Plug Formation process

A
  • Vessel breaks, exposing collagen fibers of the wall to blood
  • In presence of rough surfaces such as collagen, platelets adhere to vessel and other platelets
  • Platelets aggregate and release factors that promote hemostasis
    • hemostasis factors: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin, and thromboxane A2
  • this causes the platelet plug and leads in to clotting
60
Q

Clotting (Coagulation): Components, definition, and deficiencies

A
  • Serum = blood plasma w/out clotting proteins
  • Clot = gel formed from formed elements trapped in fibrin
    • fibrin is most important in clots
    • clots are not just platelets
  • Cascade of reactions involving sequence of clotting factors (Ca2+, enzymes from liver, vitamin K derivatives)
  • Thrombosis - inappropriate clot
  • Hemorrhage - excessive bleeding
  • Hemophilia - inability to clot - why?
61
Q

-ase suffix means?

62
Q

Clotting Stages (Common Pathway)

A
  1. Prothrombinase formation
    * Common Pathway = steps after prothombinase formation
  2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
63
Q

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic pathways

A
  • Extrinsic has fewer steps, occurs rapidly, and cue comes from outside vessels (Tissue factor (TF))
    • TF leaks in from outside, begins extrinsic pathway
  • Intrinsic more complex, slower, and activators are in vessels or within blood
  • Common pathway = steps after prothrombinase formation
  • Clot retraction
64
Q

Hemostatic Control Mechanisms: What are they (2)/name them

A
  • Fibrinolysis - dissolution of a clot (either after repair or inappropriate clots)
    • Degraded by plasminogen > plasmin
    • Fibrinolysis is the natural way of dealing with clots
  • Anticoagulants - antithrombin, heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

Intravascular clots can still form due to rough endothelium or blood stasis

  • Thrombus (unbroken vessel)
  • Embolus - mass or air bubble transported by bloodstream
65
Q

-lys- root word means?

A

to break down/dissolve

66
Q

Complete blood count: What cells/factors are measured when considering a complete blood count?

A

Counts of:

  • RBCs per uL
  • WBCs per uL
  • Platelets per uL
  • Hematocrit (RBC % of total blood volume)
    • anemia test
  • Differential WBC
  • Hemoglobin (g/mL)
67
Q

Stem cell transplants: Types/definitions, which one is more advantageous?

A
  • Bone marrow transplant - destruction of defective marrow and replacement
  • Cord-blood transplant advantages:
    • Easily collected and stored (at birth from ubilical cord)
    • More abundant stem cells than in marrow
    • Less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease or to transmit infections
68
Q

Hemolytic Diseases of the Newborn (HDN): What is it?

A
  • Rh Incompatibility
  • Possible agglutination and hemolysis
  • RhoGAM given to Rh- women (inactivates fetal Rh+ antigens)

A&P II (11 decks)

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