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A&P II > Metabolism (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Metabolism (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Enzymes do what?

A

lower the activation energy of a rxn

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3
Q

ana-

A

to build up

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4
Q

cata-

A

to break down

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5
Q

What organelle is known as the workhorse of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

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6
Q

ATP = ?

A

energy

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7
Q

Adenosine is what?

A

a sugar

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8
Q

when phosphate group has been removed…

A

… battery has been used

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9
Q

All chemical bonds represent…

A

… a potential available energy

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10
Q

define phosphorylation

A

to add a phosphate

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11
Q

what are the two types of phosphorylation?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

when phosphate is transferred directly from substrate to ADP via an enzyme

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13
Q

what type of phosphorylation provides more E

A

oxidative phosphorylation (involves sugars)

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14
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the electron transport chain

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15
Q

in cellular respiration, one sugar equates to what yield of ATP/glucose?

A

one sugar equates to max yield of 36-38 ATP/glucose

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16
Q

LEO

A

Loss of Electrons = Oxidation

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17
Q

GER

A

Gain of Electrons = Reduction

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18
Q

NAD without H means

A

battery is not charged

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19
Q

what is a coenzyme?

A

a molecule that has to be present for an enzyme to work

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20
Q

do coenzymes get used up?

A

no, they only aid the main enzyme

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21
Q

What four things is glucose used for?

A

ATP Production
Amino acid synthesis
glycogenesis
lipogenesis

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22
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

stored in liver and skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Glucose moves into cells via what method?

A

facilitated diffusion

GluT transporters are the passive transporters and insulin acts as a key to unlock GluT transporters at the site of the cell

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24
Q

Glucose is provided by…

A

the diet

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25
Q

Glucose catabolism is also known as

A

cellular/aerobic respiration

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26
Q

What exactly is glucose catabolism/cellular/aerobic respiration?

A

It is the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

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27
Q

What are the 4 main stages of glucose catabolism (or cellular/aerobic respiration)?

A

glycolysis
Pre-Krebs/Acetyl Co-A formation
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain reactions

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28
Q

Glucose + 6 Oxygen yields…

A

6 Carbon Dioxides + 6 Waters

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29
Q

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

A

in the cytosol

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30
Q

What pathway is glycolysis a part of? Anaerobic or aerobic?

A

can be done anaerobically, but part of both pathways

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31
Q

What molecule does glycolysis start with and what molecule does it finish with?

A

Starts with glucose, ends with 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

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32
Q

In glycolysis, how many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

4 ATP are produced, but two of the 4 are used in the process so the net gain is actually 2 ATP

33
Q

In glycolysis, how many of the hydrogen carriers (NADH or FADH2) are being produced?

A

2 NADH

34
Q

Name the two hydrogen carriers

A

NADH and FADH2

35
Q

From what process are pyruvic acids produced?

A

glycolysis

36
Q

What does pyruvic acid convert to?

A

lactic acid

37
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation useful for?

A

It helps regenerate NAD+

38
Q

Acetyl Co-A formation leads up to…

A

the Krebs Cycle

39
Q

Where does Acetyl Co-A formation take place?

A

in the mitochondria

40
Q

What pathway is Acetyl Co-A formation a part of?

A

aerobic

41
Q

What molecule does acetyl Co-A formation begin with and what molecule does it end with?

A

Begins with pyruvic acid, ends with Acetyl Co-A

42
Q

In acetyl Co-A formation, how many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

0

43
Q

In acetyl co-A formation, how many hydrogen carriers are produced?

A

One NADH per each pyruvic acid, which is a total of 2

44
Q

2 NADH = how many ATP

A

6 ATP

45
Q

What does Coenzyme A do?

A

it transports the acetyl group into the Krebs Cycle

46
Q

CO2 is a waste product of what?

A

cellular respiration

47
Q

In order for the acetyl group to be transported to the Krebs Cycle, what must be present?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme-A

48
Q

What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

A

The citric acid cycle

49
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondria, deep in the matrix

50
Q

What pathway is the Krebs cycle a part of?

A

aerobic

51
Q

What molecule does the Krebs cycle begin with and what molecule does it end with

A

Begins with acetyl CoA which combines with oxaloacetate to create citric acid

52
Q

In the Krebs cycle, How many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

1 ATP per cycle, however, there are 2 Krebs cycles running per glucose so 2 Total

53
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how many hydrogen carriers are produced per each acetyl Co-A?

A 
3 NADH (6 per glucose) = 18 ATP
1 FADH2 (2 per glucose) = 4 ATP
1 ATP (2 per glucose)
54
Q

What is the final and most important step of cellular respiration?

A

the electron transport chain

55
Q

The electron transport chain is part of …

A

oxidative phosporylation

56
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

a series of integral proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as electron carriers

57
Q

In the electron transport chain, what allows us to pump protons through the membrane?

A

the electron flow

58
Q

Membranes let things through unless it is…

A

large or charged

59
Q

ATP synthase does what?

A

synthesizes ATP

60
Q

Synthase is powered by

A

protons

61
Q

what powers proton pumps?

A

electron flow

62
Q

What are the 3 processes under glucose anabolism?

A

Glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

63
Q

gluconeogenesis is…

A

the conversion of amino acids, lactic acids and glycerol

usually a sign of malnutrition

64
Q

does fat dissolve in water?

A

no, it is hydrophobic

65
Q

lipids bind to…

A

proteins

66
Q

what do chylomicrons do?

A

they transport dietary lipids

67
Q

What are the four lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

68
Q

What is VLDL and what does it do

A

Very Low Density Lipoprotein; picks up lipids out of the liver

transports lipids formed in hepatocytes

69
Q

What is LDL and what does it do?

A

Low Density Lipoprotein; delivers cholesterol to the cells

known as the “bad” cholesterol

70
Q

What is HDL and what does it do?

A

High Density Lipoprotein; it removes excess cholesterol from the cells

known as “good” cholesterol

71
Q

Is high LDL and HDL bad?

A

No, so long as the ratio is even

72
Q

what is lipolysis?

A

the breakdown of lipids

73
Q

what does beta oxidation do?

A

it breaks down fatty acids and forms acetyl CoA

74
Q

what is ketogenesis?

A

it is the formation of ketone bodies from fatty acid metabolism

75
Q

what is lipogenesis stimulated by?

A

insulin

**insulin levels rise after a meal

76
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

the conversion of excess glucose, aminos, and fatty acids

77
Q

what is catabolism referred to in reference to protein metabolism?

A

Deamination

78
Q

What three things happen in deamination?

A

the amino group is removed
the aminoless molecule enters Krebs Cycle
The Amino group becomes ammonia and is converted to urea

79
Q

How many amino acids are needed for protein anabolism?

A

total of 20

10 essential
10 nonessential

A&P II (11 decks)

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