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A&P II > Metabolism (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Metabolism (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Enzymes do what?

A

lower the activation energy of a rxn

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3
Q

ana-

A

to build up

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4
Q

cata-

A

to break down

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5
Q

What organelle is known as the workhorse of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

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6
Q

ATP = ?

A

energy

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7
Q

Adenosine is what?

A

a sugar

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8
Q

when phosphate group has been removed…

A

… battery has been used

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9
Q

All chemical bonds represent…

A

… a potential available energy

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10
Q

define phosphorylation

A

to add a phosphate

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11
Q

what are the two types of phosphorylation?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

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12
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

when phosphate is transferred directly from substrate to ADP via an enzyme

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13
Q

what type of phosphorylation provides more E

A

oxidative phosphorylation (involves sugars)

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14
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the electron transport chain

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15
Q

in cellular respiration, one sugar equates to what yield of ATP/glucose?

A

one sugar equates to max yield of 36-38 ATP/glucose

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16
Q

LEO

A

Loss of Electrons = Oxidation

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17
Q

GER

A

Gain of Electrons = Reduction

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18
Q

NAD without H means

A

battery is not charged

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19
Q

what is a coenzyme?

A

a molecule that has to be present for an enzyme to work

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20
Q

do coenzymes get used up?

A

no, they only aid the main enzyme

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21
Q

What four things is glucose used for?

A

ATP Production
Amino acid synthesis
glycogenesis
lipogenesis

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22
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

stored in liver and skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Glucose moves into cells via what method?

A

facilitated diffusion

GluT transporters are the passive transporters and insulin acts as a key to unlock GluT transporters at the site of the cell

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24
Q

Glucose is provided by…

A

the diet

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25
Glucose catabolism is also known as
cellular/aerobic respiration
26
What exactly is glucose catabolism/cellular/aerobic respiration?
It is the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
27
What are the 4 main stages of glucose catabolism (or cellular/aerobic respiration)?
glycolysis Pre-Krebs/Acetyl Co-A formation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain reactions
28
Glucose + 6 Oxygen yields...
6 Carbon Dioxides + 6 Waters
29
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
in the cytosol
30
What pathway is glycolysis a part of? Anaerobic or aerobic?
can be done anaerobically, but part of both pathways
31
What molecule does glycolysis start with and what molecule does it finish with?
Starts with glucose, ends with 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
32
In glycolysis, how many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?
4 ATP are produced, but two of the 4 are used in the process so the net gain is actually 2 ATP
33
In glycolysis, how many of the hydrogen carriers (NADH or FADH2) are being produced?
2 NADH
34
Name the two hydrogen carriers
NADH and FADH2
35
From what process are pyruvic acids produced?
glycolysis
36
What does pyruvic acid convert to?
lactic acid
37
What is lactic acid fermentation useful for?
It helps regenerate NAD+
38
Acetyl Co-A formation leads up to...
the Krebs Cycle
39
Where does Acetyl Co-A formation take place?
in the mitochondria
40
What pathway is Acetyl Co-A formation a part of?
aerobic
41
What molecule does acetyl Co-A formation begin with and what molecule does it end with?
Begins with pyruvic acid, ends with Acetyl Co-A
42
In acetyl Co-A formation, how many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?
0
43
In acetyl co-A formation, how many hydrogen carriers are produced?
One NADH per each pyruvic acid, which is a total of 2
44
2 NADH = how many ATP
6 ATP
45
What does Coenzyme A do?
it transports the acetyl group into the Krebs Cycle
46
CO2 is a waste product of what?
cellular respiration
47
In order for the acetyl group to be transported to the Krebs Cycle, what must be present?
Acetyl Coenzyme-A
48
What is the Krebs cycle also known as?
The citric acid cycle
49
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
in the mitochondria, deep in the matrix
50
What pathway is the Krebs cycle a part of?
aerobic
51
What molecule does the Krebs cycle begin with and what molecule does it end with
Begins with acetyl CoA which combines with oxaloacetate to create citric acid
52
In the Krebs cycle, How many ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorylation?
1 ATP per cycle, however, there are 2 Krebs cycles running per glucose so 2 Total
53
In the Krebs cycle, how many hydrogen carriers are produced per each acetyl Co-A?
``` 3 NADH (6 per glucose) = 18 ATP 1 FADH2 (2 per glucose) = 4 ATP 1 ATP (2 per glucose) ```
54
What is the final and most important step of cellular respiration?
the electron transport chain
55
The electron transport chain is part of ...
oxidative phosporylation
56
What is the electron transport chain?
a series of integral proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as electron carriers
57
In the electron transport chain, what allows us to pump protons through the membrane?
the electron flow
58
Membranes let things through unless it is...
large or charged
59
ATP synthase does what?
synthesizes ATP
60
Synthase is powered by
protons
61
what powers proton pumps?
electron flow
62
What are the 3 processes under glucose anabolism?
Glycogenesis glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis
63
gluconeogenesis is...
the conversion of amino acids, lactic acids and glycerol usually a sign of malnutrition
64
does fat dissolve in water?
no, it is hydrophobic
65
lipids bind to...
proteins
66
what do chylomicrons do?
they transport dietary lipids
67
What are the four lipoproteins?
chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
68
What is VLDL and what does it do
Very Low Density Lipoprotein; picks up lipids out of the liver transports lipids formed in hepatocytes
69
What is LDL and what does it do?
Low Density Lipoprotein; delivers cholesterol to the cells known as the "bad" cholesterol
70
What is HDL and what does it do?
High Density Lipoprotein; it removes excess cholesterol from the cells known as "good" cholesterol
71
Is high LDL and HDL bad?
No, so long as the ratio is even
72
what is lipolysis?
the breakdown of lipids
73
what does beta oxidation do?
it breaks down fatty acids and forms acetyl CoA
74
what is ketogenesis?
it is the formation of ketone bodies from fatty acid metabolism
75
what is lipogenesis stimulated by?
insulin **insulin levels rise after a meal
76
what is lipogenesis
the conversion of excess glucose, aminos, and fatty acids
77
what is catabolism referred to in reference to protein metabolism?
Deamination
78
What three things happen in deamination?
the amino group is removed the aminoless molecule enters Krebs Cycle The Amino group becomes ammonia and is converted to urea
79
How many amino acids are needed for protein anabolism?
total of 20 10 essential 10 nonessential

A&P II (11 decks)

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