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A&P II > Reproductive System (Exam 4) > Flashcards

Reproductive System (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

Define diploid

A

chromosomes in pairs

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2
Q

Define haploid

A

Half > one set of chromosomes

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3
Q

What percentage of gametes are diploid?

A

99%

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4
Q

Are sperm cells diploid or not?

A

Actual sperm cells are not diploid

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5
Q

What are the three main components of gamete production?

A

Diploid vs Haploid
Sperm and secondary oocyte
Meiosis

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6
Q

Describe meiosis

A

When one diploid cell divides twice to create 4 daughter cells, each with half of each parent’s chromosomes

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7
Q

What are the three main functions of the reproductive system?

A

Gamete production
Fertilization
Sex Hormones

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8
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When two haploid gametes produce a diploid zygote

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9
Q

What function does the scrotum serve?

A

Regulates the temperature of the testes (2-3 degrees C below body temp)

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10
Q

What is the dartos muscle and what does it do?

A

The dartos muscle is the smooth muscle in the septum and it tightens the scrotum

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11
Q

What is the cremaster muscle and what does it do?

A

It is the continuation of internal obliques and it moves the testes closer to the body

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12
Q

When do the testes descend and from where?

A

The testes descend in the 7th month of embryonic development through the inguinal canal.

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13
Q

What are the two tunics as it pertains to the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

Tunica albuginea

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14
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis form from?

A

the peritoneum

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15
Q

What does the tunica albuginea do?

A

it divides testes into lobules

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16
Q

What two types of cells are housed in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells

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17
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do?

A

support and protect spermatogenic cells

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18
Q

What are spermatogenic cells

A

essentially stem cells for sperm

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19
Q

What do the Leydig cells do?

A

produce testosterone

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20
Q

What are the two stages of sperm production?

A

Spermatogenesis (Meiosis)

Spermiogenesis

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21
Q

What is another term for spermatogenesis?

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

stage in sperm production where spermatids develop into sperm cells

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23
Q

What three things happen as spermatids develop into sperm cells?

A

The acrosome and flagellum develop
The mitochondria multiply
Excess cytoplasm is removed

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24
Q

Where is the acrosome located on a sperm?

A

The head

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25
Q

Why is the acrosome important?

A

It contains digestive enzymes used to wear through the outer shell layers of the egg

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26
Q

Where is the mitochondria located on a sperm?

A

The tail

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27
Q

Why is the mitochondria on a sperm important?

A

It’s the engine that powers the sperm

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28
Q

Is the sperm cell very lean or robust?

A

very lean

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29
Q

What is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

The precursor hormone to FSH and LH

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30
Q

Where is GnRH released from?

A

the hypothalamus

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31
Q

Once released form the hypothalamus, GnRH stimulates what gland?

A

the pituitary gland

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32
Q

What is the end result of GnRH release?

A

stimulate the release of FSH and LH

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33
Q

What does Leutenizing hormone (LH) do in males?

A

stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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34
Q

What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do in males?

A

stimulates spermatognesis

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35
Q

What four things is testosterone responsible for?

A 
Prenatal male development
Male secondary sex characteristics
Spermatogenesis, sexual function, and libido (both sexes)
Protein synthesis (anabolism)
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36
Q

Name the 5 main reproductive ducts in males.

A 
Testes
Epididymus
Ductus Deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra - prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)
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37
Q

What are the rate testis?

A

Tubules located at the hilum of the testicles that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts

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38
Q

What two functions does the epididymus serve?

A

Sperm maturation center

Sperm storage

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39
Q

What type of muscle is the ductus epididymus made of?

A

smooth muscle

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40
Q

What type of epithelium does the ductus epididymus have?

A

pseudo stratified epithelium

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41
Q

What does the ductus deferent do?

A

Carries sperm to the urethra

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42
Q

Describe in 3 words the urethra.

A

Prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)

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43
Q

What are the three glands in the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal
Prostate
Bulbourethral

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44
Q

What percentage of seminal fluid is in ejaculate?

A

65%

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45
Q

What four types of fluid are secreted by the seminal glands?

A

alkaline
fructose
prostaglandins
clotting proteins

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46
Q

What is seminal fluid good for?

A

Buffering

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47
Q

Is acid in urine good for sperm?

A

No

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48
Q

What percentage of prostate fluid is in ejaculate?

A

25%

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49
Q

Why three types of fluid are secreted by the prostate gland?

A

citric acid
antibiotic
enzymes to break down clotting proteins

50
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm + Seminal fluid

51
Q

What is the typical amount of semen per ejaculate?

A

2.5 - 5 mL

52
Q

What is considered a fertile amount of sperm in semen?

A

50 - 150 million sperm/mL

53
Q

What is considered an infertile amount of sperm in semen?

A

lower than 20 million sperm/mL

54
Q

What is the root of the penis attached to?

A

the muscles of the perineum and pubis

55
Q

What are the two components of the body of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa penis

Corpus spongiosum penis

56
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa penis?

A

the lateral erectile tissues of the body of the penis

57
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum penis?

A

the erectile tissue enclosing the penile urethra

58
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

the head of the penis

59
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

foreskin

60
Q

What are the three main physiological steps leading up to and including ejaculation?

A

Erection
Emission
Ejaculation

61
Q

What type of fibers release nitrous oxide during an erection?

A

parasympathetic fibers

62
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibers release during an erection?

A

Nitrous oxide

63
Q

What two effects does the release of nitrous oxide have on the penis?

A

Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissues (increased blood flow)
Widening of blood sinuses in erectile tissues

64
Q

What is emission as it pertains to an erection?

A

Small volume of semen before ejaculation

65
Q

What type of reflex is ejaculation?

A

sympathetic reflex

66
Q

What do the smooth muscle tissue of the penile ducts do during ejaculation?

A

Peristalsis

67
Q

What two things happen during ejaculation?

A

Peristalsis in ducts

Closing of involuntary urinary sphincter

68
Q

What are the three main layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

69
Q

What is the stratum functionalis?

A

The functional layer of the endometrium

70
Q

The stratum functionalis is lost during…

A

menstruation

71
Q

What does the stratum basalis do?

A

regenerates the stratum functionalis

72
Q

What are the two parts of the of the uterus called in the endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

73
Q

How many layers of smooth of smooth muscle are there in the myometrium of the uterus?

A

Three layers

74
Q

The visceral peritoneum is located in what layer of the uterus?

A

The perimetrium

75
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen and progesterone

76
Q

What are the names of the three structures in the cortex of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian follicles
Graafian follicles
Corpus luteum

77
Q

What do the ovarian follicles contain?

A

developing oocytes

78
Q

What do the Graafian follicles do?

A

they ovulate secondary oocytes

79
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

produces hormones post ovulation

80
Q

What is the name of the mature follicle in the ovaries?

A

Graafian follicle

81
Q

What is contained within the medulla of the ovaries?

A

vessels and nerves

82
Q

What two things does FSH in the female reproductive system do?

A

Triggers initial follicular development

Stimulates release of estrogens

83
Q

What 3 things does LH do in the female reproductive system?

A

Furthers follicular development
Triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Triggers secretion of estrogens, progesterone, and others

84
Q

What two things does estrogen do?

A

Promotes female development

Promotes protein anabolism

85
Q

What three things does progesterone do?

A

Prepares mammary glands
Prepares endometrium for implantation
Inhibits other hormones

86
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in the fallopian tube

87
Q

What is an acrosomal reaction?

A

When the acrosomal enzymes of the sperm digest outer regions of the egg to reach the oocyte

88
Q

What is the first reaction in fertilization?

A

the acromsomal reaction

89
Q

What is syngamy?

A

the fusion of the first sperm cell with the secondary oocyte

90
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

When more than one sperm cell fertilizes an egg, which is lethal

91
Q

What two relations block polyspermy?

A

Fast block

Slow block

92
Q

Define a fast block

A

a fast block is the depolarization of the oocyte membrane

93
Q

Define a slow block

A

a slow block is the exocytosis of secretory vesicles which inactivate sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida

94
Q

What is cleavage as it applies to embryonic development?

A

it is the rapid mitosis of the zygote to form morula

95
Q

When does blastocyst formation occur?

A

Day 5 of embryonic development

96
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Day 6 of embryonic development

97
Q

In what stage of embryonic development does implantation occur?

A

During blastocyst formation

98
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

Day 15 of embryonic development

99
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and the endoderm

100
Q

What happens during neurulation?

A

formation of the neural tube (brain and spinal cord)

101
Q

What is placentation?

A

formation of the placenta

102
Q

What two things does placentation do?

A

Provides site for exchange of nutrients and waste

Produces hormones to sustain pregnancy

103
Q

What 6 hormones help sustain pregnancy?

A 
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Progesterone
Estrogens
Relaxin
Corticotropin
Human placental lactogen
104
Q

What does Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) do?

A

sustains the corpus luteum

105
Q

During embryonic development, what hormones help to maintain the endometrium and prepare the mother for lactation and birth?

A

Progesterone and estrogens

106
Q

What two things does relaxin do?

A

triggers pubic symphysis flexibility and cervical dilation

107
Q

What does corticotropin-releasing hormone do?

A

releases cortisol to promote fetal lung development

108
Q

When does the presence of corticotropin-releasing hormone increase?

A

towards the end of pregnancy

109
Q

What two things does human placental lactogen (hPL) do?

A

prepares the mother for lactation

regulates metabolism for the mother and fetus

110
Q

When does the heart begin to develop and through what week of pregnancy does this occur?

A

Begins on day 18 of embryonic development and goes through week 9 of pregnancy

111
Q

When does the cardiogenic area form from the mesoderm and the heart tube develops?

A

Day 18

112
Q

During heart development, what week does the S-shaped tube begin to beat and join with blood vessels to form basic system?

A

End of week three

113
Q

During heart development, when are the atria and ventricles reoriented to adult positions?

A

Day 28

114
Q

During heart development, when is heart arranged into four chambers and valves form?

A

Weeks 5 through 9

115
Q

What weeks are considered the fetal period?

A

Weeks 9 - 38

116
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

Growth and development of existing organ systems

117
Q

What is parturition?

A

childbirth

118
Q

What three major things happen during parturition?

A

Dilation
Expulsion of child
Placental expulsion

119
Q

What are the two main hormones involved with lactation?

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin

120
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

triggers milk synthesis and secretion

121
Q

What does oxytocin do in terms of lactation?

A

triggers the let-down reflex which stimulates muscle cells in the breasts to squeeze out milk

A&P II (11 decks)

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