Reproductive System (Exam 4) Flashcards
1
Q
Define diploid
A
chromosomes in pairs
2
Q
Define haploid
A
Half > one set of chromosomes
3
Q
What percentage of gametes are diploid?
A
99%
4
Q
Are sperm cells diploid or not?
A
Actual sperm cells are not diploid
5
Q
What are the three main components of gamete production?
A
Diploid vs Haploid
Sperm and secondary oocyte
Meiosis
6
Q
Describe meiosis
A
When one diploid cell divides twice to create 4 daughter cells, each with half of each parent’s chromosomes
7
Q
What are the three main functions of the reproductive system?
A
Gamete production
Fertilization
Sex Hormones
8
Q
What is fertilization?
A
When two haploid gametes produce a diploid zygote
9
Q
What function does the scrotum serve?
A
Regulates the temperature of the testes (2-3 degrees C below body temp)
10
Q
What is the dartos muscle and what does it do?
A
The dartos muscle is the smooth muscle in the septum and it tightens the scrotum
11
Q
What is the cremaster muscle and what does it do?
A
It is the continuation of internal obliques and it moves the testes closer to the body
12
Q
When do the testes descend and from where?
A
The testes descend in the 7th month of embryonic development through the inguinal canal.
13
Q
What are the two tunics as it pertains to the testes?
A
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
14
Q
What does the tunica vaginalis form from?
A
the peritoneum
15
Q
What does the tunica albuginea do?
A
it divides testes into lobules
16
Q
What two types of cells are housed in the seminiferous tubules?
A
Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells
17
Q
What do the Sertoli cells do?
A
support and protect spermatogenic cells
18
Q
What are spermatogenic cells
A
essentially stem cells for sperm
19
Q
What do the Leydig cells do?
A
produce testosterone
20
Q
What are the two stages of sperm production?
A
Spermatogenesis (Meiosis)
Spermiogenesis
21
Q
What is another term for spermatogenesis?
A
Meiosis
22
Q
What is spermiogenesis?
A
stage in sperm production where spermatids develop into sperm cells
23
Q
What three things happen as spermatids develop into sperm cells?
A
The acrosome and flagellum develop
The mitochondria multiply
Excess cytoplasm is removed
24
Q
Where is the acrosome located on a sperm?
A
The head
25
Why is the acrosome important?
It contains digestive enzymes used to wear through the outer shell layers of the egg
26
Where is the mitochondria located on a sperm?
The tail
27
Why is the mitochondria on a sperm important?
It's the engine that powers the sperm
28
Is the sperm cell very lean or robust?
very lean
29
What is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
The precursor hormone to FSH and LH
30
Where is GnRH released from?
the hypothalamus
31
Once released form the hypothalamus, GnRH stimulates what gland?
the pituitary gland
32
What is the end result of GnRH release?
stimulate the release of FSH and LH
33
What does Leutenizing hormone (LH) do in males?
stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
34
What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) do in males?
stimulates spermatognesis
35
What four things is testosterone responsible for?
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Prenatal male development
Male secondary sex characteristics
Spermatogenesis, sexual function, and libido (both sexes)
Protein synthesis (anabolism)
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36
Name the 5 main reproductive ducts in males.
```
Testes
Epididymus
Ductus Deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra - prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)
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37
What are the rate testis?
Tubules located at the hilum of the testicles that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts
38
What two functions does the epididymus serve?
Sperm maturation center
| Sperm storage
39
What type of muscle is the ductus epididymus made of?
smooth muscle
40
What type of epithelium does the ductus epididymus have?
pseudo stratified epithelium
41
What does the ductus deferent do?
Carries sperm to the urethra
42
Describe in 3 words the urethra.
Prostatic, membranous, spongy (penile)
43
What are the three glands in the male reproductive system?
Seminal
Prostate
Bulbourethral
44
What percentage of seminal fluid is in ejaculate?
65%
45
What four types of fluid are secreted by the seminal glands?
alkaline
fructose
prostaglandins
clotting proteins
46
What is seminal fluid good for?
Buffering
47
Is acid in urine good for sperm?
No
48
What percentage of prostate fluid is in ejaculate?
25%
49
Why three types of fluid are secreted by the prostate gland?
citric acid
antibiotic
enzymes to break down clotting proteins
50
What is semen?
Sperm + Seminal fluid
51
What is the typical amount of semen per ejaculate?
2.5 - 5 mL
52
What is considered a fertile amount of sperm in semen?
50 - 150 million sperm/mL
53
What is considered an infertile amount of sperm in semen?
lower than 20 million sperm/mL
54
What is the root of the penis attached to?
the muscles of the perineum and pubis
55
What are the two components of the body of the penis?
Corpora cavernosa penis
| Corpus spongiosum penis
56
What is the corpora cavernosa penis?
the lateral erectile tissues of the body of the penis
57
What is the corpus spongiosum penis?
the erectile tissue enclosing the penile urethra
58
What is the glans penis?
the head of the penis
59
What is the prepuce?
foreskin
60
What are the three main physiological steps leading up to and including ejaculation?
Erection
Emission
Ejaculation
61
What type of fibers release nitrous oxide during an erection?
parasympathetic fibers
62
What do the parasympathetic fibers release during an erection?
Nitrous oxide
63
What two effects does the release of nitrous oxide have on the penis?
Dilation of arterioles in erectile tissues (increased blood flow)
Widening of blood sinuses in erectile tissues
64
What is emission as it pertains to an erection?
Small volume of semen before ejaculation
65
What type of reflex is ejaculation?
sympathetic reflex
66
What do the smooth muscle tissue of the penile ducts do during ejaculation?
Peristalsis
67
What two things happen during ejaculation?
Peristalsis in ducts
| Closing of involuntary urinary sphincter
68
What are the three main layers of the uterus?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
69
What is the stratum functionalis?
The functional layer of the endometrium
70
The stratum functionalis is lost during...
menstruation
71
What does the stratum basalis do?
regenerates the stratum functionalis
72
What are the two parts of the of the uterus called in the endometrium?
Stratum functionalis
| Stratum basalis
73
How many layers of smooth of smooth muscle are there in the myometrium of the uterus?
Three layers
74
The visceral peritoneum is located in what layer of the uterus?
The perimetrium
75
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
estrogen and progesterone
76
What are the names of the three structures in the cortex of the ovaries?
Ovarian follicles
Graafian follicles
Corpus luteum
77
What do the ovarian follicles contain?
developing oocytes
78
What do the Graafian follicles do?
they ovulate secondary oocytes
79
What does the corpus luteum do?
produces hormones post ovulation
80
What is the name of the mature follicle in the ovaries?
Graafian follicle
81
What is contained within the medulla of the ovaries?
vessels and nerves
82
What two things does FSH in the female reproductive system do?
Triggers initial follicular development
| Stimulates release of estrogens
83
What 3 things does LH do in the female reproductive system?
Furthers follicular development
Triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Triggers secretion of estrogens, progesterone, and others
84
What two things does estrogen do?
Promotes female development
| Promotes protein anabolism
85
What three things does progesterone do?
Prepares mammary glands
Prepares endometrium for implantation
Inhibits other hormones
86
Where does fertilization occur?
in the fallopian tube
87
What is an acrosomal reaction?
When the acrosomal enzymes of the sperm digest outer regions of the egg to reach the oocyte
88
What is the first reaction in fertilization?
the acromsomal reaction
89
What is syngamy?
the fusion of the first sperm cell with the secondary oocyte
90
What is polyspermy?
When more than one sperm cell fertilizes an egg, which is lethal
91
What two relations block polyspermy?
Fast block
| Slow block
92
Define a fast block
a fast block is the depolarization of the oocyte membrane
93
Define a slow block
a slow block is the exocytosis of secretory vesicles which inactivate sperm receptors and harden the zona pellucida
94
What is cleavage as it applies to embryonic development?
it is the rapid mitosis of the zygote to form morula
95
When does blastocyst formation occur?
Day 5 of embryonic development
96
When does implantation occur?
Day 6 of embryonic development
97
In what stage of embryonic development does implantation occur?
During blastocyst formation
98
When does gastrulation occur?
Day 15 of embryonic development
99
What happens during gastrulation?
formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and the endoderm
100
What happens during neurulation?
formation of the neural tube (brain and spinal cord)
101
What is placentation?
formation of the placenta
102
What two things does placentation do?
Provides site for exchange of nutrients and waste
| Produces hormones to sustain pregnancy
103
What 6 hormones help sustain pregnancy?
```
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Progesterone
Estrogens
Relaxin
Corticotropin
Human placental lactogen
```
104
What does Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) do?
sustains the corpus luteum
105
During embryonic development, what hormones help to maintain the endometrium and prepare the mother for lactation and birth?
Progesterone and estrogens
106
What two things does relaxin do?
triggers pubic symphysis flexibility and cervical dilation
107
What does corticotropin-releasing hormone do?
releases cortisol to promote fetal lung development
108
When does the presence of corticotropin-releasing hormone increase?
towards the end of pregnancy
109
What two things does human placental lactogen (hPL) do?
prepares the mother for lactation
| regulates metabolism for the mother and fetus
110
When does the heart begin to develop and through what week of pregnancy does this occur?
Begins on day 18 of embryonic development and goes through week 9 of pregnancy
111
When does the cardiogenic area form from the mesoderm and the heart tube develops?
Day 18
112
During heart development, what week does the S-shaped tube begin to beat and join with blood vessels to form basic system?
End of week three
113
During heart development, when are the atria and ventricles reoriented to adult positions?
Day 28
114
During heart development, when is heart arranged into four chambers and valves form?
Weeks 5 through 9
115
What weeks are considered the fetal period?
Weeks 9 - 38
116
What happens during the fetal period?
Growth and development of existing organ systems
117
What is parturition?
childbirth
118
What three major things happen during parturition?
Dilation
Expulsion of child
Placental expulsion
119
What are the two main hormones involved with lactation?
Prolactin
| Oxytocin
120
What does prolactin do?
triggers milk synthesis and secretion
121
What does oxytocin do in terms of lactation?
triggers the let-down reflex which stimulates muscle cells in the breasts to squeeze out milk
