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A&P II > Digestive System (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Digestive System (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing/Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

The actual breakdown of material

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3
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion

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4
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The mashing up of food

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5
Q

What are the two main groups of Digestive organs?

A

GI Tract organs and Accessory organs

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6
Q

What are the organs of the GI Tract?

A 
Stomach
Anus
Mouth
Pharynx
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Small intestine

SAMPLES (the “cavity” organs)

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7
Q

What are the Accessory organs of the digestive system?

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

TTSLGP

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8
Q

What are the GI Tract layers from inner to outer?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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9
Q

Mucosal layer is tissue that is open…

A

… to the environment.

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10
Q

Is the mucosa well vascularized?

A

No

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the Mucosal Lining?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)

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12
Q

Does the tissue type of the mouth differ from the tissue type of the Intestines?

A

Yes

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13
Q

As the GI Tract organs descend from the mouth to the intestines, what tissue change occurs?

A

In the mouth the epithelium of the mucosal tissue is stratified squamous which is thicker and offers mostly protection and by the time it descends to the intestines, the tissue is simple columnar epithelium which is thinner and offers mostly absorption.

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14
Q

What is the thickness and purpose of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium is very thick and offers protection

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15
Q

What is the thickness of simple columnar epithelium and its purpose?

A

Simple columnar epithelium is comparatively thinner that stratified squamous epithelium and its purpose is absorption.

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16
Q

What type of tissue is found in the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What type of tissue is found in the intestines?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What type of tissue is the submucosal layer made of?

A

areolar connective tissue

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19
Q

What is the muscularis layer made up of?

A

Higher up in the digestive system there is skeletal muscle, but mostly smooth muscle in the lower portions

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20
Q

What is the muscularis layer responsible for?

A

Mixing and propulsion

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21
Q

What is the serosa?

A

the visceral layer of the peritoneum

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22
Q

The parietal layer of the peritoneum is located…

A

… on the abdominal wall

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23
Q

How is the digestive system innervated?

A

via the enteric nervous system

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24
Q

Is the enteric nervous system part of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Yes

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25
Q

The myenteric plexus is responsible for…

A

… mobility

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26
Q

Myo- means…

A

muscle

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27
Q

The submucosal plexus is responsible for…

A

stimulating the glands

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28
Q

The myenteric and submucosal plexus are connected by…

A

interneurons

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29
Q

The enteric nervous system is regulated by…

A

… the autonomic nervous system

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30
Q

Parasympathetic innervates or inhibits?

A

innervates

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31
Q

Sympathetic innervates or inhibits?

A

inhibits

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32
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

It is the largest serous membrane that has five major folds and is parietal and visceral

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33
Q

Is the peritoneum all one structure?

A

yes

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34
Q

What are the five major folds of the peritoneum?

A 
Greater omentum
Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum
Mesentery
Mesocolon
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35
Q

What is the purpose of the folds of the peritoneum?

A

the folds keep everything suspended in place rather than gravity causing everything to jumble up

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36
Q

What is the purpose of the greater omentum?

A

it’s a big area for lymph nodes and collects adipose tissue

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37
Q

What is the purpose of the falciform ligament?

A

it attaches the liver to the diaphragm

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the lesser omentum?

A

To suspend the stomach and duodenum from the liver

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the mesentery?

A

to suspend the small intestine from the posterior wall

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40
Q

What major folds of the peritoneum has blood vessels and lymphatic organs/vessels running to and from it?

A

Mesentery and mesocolon

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41
Q

What is the purpose of the mesocolon?

A

It suspends the large intestine from the posterior wall; it is what the mesentery is to the small intestine

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42
Q

What are the 4 functions of the mouth?

A

Ingestion
Mastication
Beginning of chemical digestion
Movement of bolus to oropharynx

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43
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing

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44
Q

Where does starch begin to break down?

A

The mouth

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45
Q

Define bolus

A

a wad of food

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46
Q

What are the accessory organs of the mouth?

A

Salivary glands
Tongue
Teeth

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47
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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48
Q

What are the two major components of the tongue?

A

Papillae and lingual frenulum

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49
Q

What kind of muscle is the tongue made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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50
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

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51
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

A

32

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52
Q

What are the four types of teeth present on the upper and lower jaw?

A

Incisors
Canines
Bicuspid
Molars

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53
Q

How many incisors are there per jaw?

A

4

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54
Q

How many canines are there per jaw?

A

2

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55
Q

How many bicuspids are there per jaw?

A

4

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56
Q

How many molars are there per jaw?

A

4-6

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57
Q

Are mouth glands endocrine or exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine

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58
Q

What does exocrine mean as it relates to glands?

A

They are glands that have ducts which deliver fluid directly to the local area

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59
Q

Mechanical digestion is driven by…

A

… mastication

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60
Q

Mastication includes what structures/fluids?

A

Tongue
Teeth
Saliva

Creates a bolus

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61
Q

What are the enzymes released in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase and Lingual lipase

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62
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

breaks down starches to disaccharides like maltose, alpha dextrins

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63
Q

Where is salivary amylase released and where is it active?

A

It is released in the mouth and active there as well

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64
Q

What does lingual lipase do?

A

It breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and diglycerides; breaks down lipids

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65
Q

Where is lingual lipase released and where is it active?

A

Released in the mouth and activated in the stomach

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66
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

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67
Q

What are some other functions of saliva besides chemical digestion?

A

Destroy bacteria via Lysozyme, IgA
Lubricate food via mucus
Remove waste
Aid gustation (water)

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68
Q

The upper esophageal sphincter is made of what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

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69
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is made of what type of muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

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70
Q

What structure does the bolus pass through via the diaphragm?

A

the esophageal hiatus

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71
Q

What is deglutition?

A

swallowing

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72
Q

What are the three stages of deglutition?

A

Voluntary stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage

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73
Q

Define peristalsis

A

the symmetrical contraction and relaxation that propagates in a wave down a tube ie the esophagus

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74
Q

What kind of mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach?

A

Mixing waves that produce chyme and promote gastric emptying

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75
Q

What is chyme?

A

“paste-like” material

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76
Q

What is pepsin?

A

an enzyme activated by the acidic environment in the stomach that turns proteins into smaller peptides; pepsin is initially pepsinogen until activated by the HCl in the stomach

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77
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Water
Ions
Fatty Acids
Some drugs and alcohol

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78
Q

What kind of glands are gastric glands?

A

exocrine glands

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79
Q

What do gastric glands do?

A

release gastric juice

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80
Q

What is gastric juice composed of?

A

HCl
Pepsin
Gastric lipase
Mucous

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81
Q

HCl in gastric juice serves what two purposes?

A

kills microbes

converts pepsinogen to pepsin by providing an acidic environment

82
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides

83
Q

What does mucous in gastric juice do?

A

protects stomach lining from acids and digestive enzymes, etc

84
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine, though only certain portions of the organ do one or the other

85
Q

What two hormones do the pancreatic islets produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

86
Q

What does insulin do?

A

lowers blood sugar

87
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

increases blood sugar

88
Q

What side of the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon

A

the endocrine side

89
Q

what is the exocrine protion of the pancreas called?

A

acini

90
Q

is the pancreas a critical organ?

A

yes

91
Q

what is in pancreatic juice?

A

sodium bicarbonate and enzymes to digest all four macromolecule groups

92
Q

is sodium bicarbonate acidic or basic?

A

very basic

93
Q

What are the enzymes contained in pancreatic juice?

A 
Pancreatic amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
elastase
pancreatic lipase
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
Other enzymes activated by trypsin formation from trypsinogen
94
Q

what does amylase do?

A

breaks down starch

95
Q

what do trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase do?

A

all work on different aspects of protein breakdown

96
Q

what does lipase do?

A

breaks down lipids

97
Q

what does ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease do?

A

breaks down RNA and DNA

98
Q

What does tryspin do?

A

sets off a cascade reaction

99
Q

what does bicarbonate do?

A

buffers gastric juice in chyme

100
Q

Is the liver an essential organ?

A

yes

101
Q

the lobes of the liver are divided into…

A

… hexagonal lobules

102
Q

Hepatic refers to…

A

… the liver

103
Q

Cells around the liver are referred to as…

A

… hepatocytes

104
Q

what do the hepatocytes around the central vein do?

A

secrete bile and also metabolize a lot of different products such as alcohol, drugs, medicine, etc

105
Q

what do the Kupffer cells do?

A

they clean; are essentially macrophages

106
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

capillaries

107
Q

what do sinusoids do?

A

sinusoids bring venous blood from the GI tract into the liver lobule

108
Q

secretion of bile occurs in the …

A

liver

109
Q

bile is stored where?

A

the gallbladder

110
Q

is storage of bile necessary?

A

no, which allows for the gallbladder to be removed

111
Q

what is the liver used for?

A

excretion of bilirubin (remember hemoglobin)
emulsification of lipids by bile salts
easier absorption of lipids
excretion of drugs and hormones
glycogen storage and glucose release/production
lipid metabolism
protein metabolism
storage of vitamins and minerals
detoxification
phagocytosis of old blood cells and some bacteria
activation of vitamin D

112
Q

is emulsification considered mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

mechanical

113
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

the liver

114
Q

What is the flow of bile from the bile canaliculi?

A

bile canaliculi > bile ductules > bile ducts > hepatic duct joins cystic duct and forms the common bile duct

115
Q

What does glycogen do?

A

it allows for sugar to be stored; similar to a banking system or links to a chain

116
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in the liver and muscles

117
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

System in which deoxygenated blood from the GI tract flows to the liver where hepatocytes absorb nutrients/toxins and secrete products that are then sent back into circulation from the central vein back to the hepatic vein

118
Q

where does 90% of all absorption occur?

A

the small intestine

119
Q

What is absorption aided by in regards to the small intestine?

A

Length (10 ft avg)
Villi (1mm)
Microvilli (1 um) - known as the “brush border”)

120
Q

What are villi and how do they help with absorption?

A

mucosa folds; they increase surface area into which things can be absorbed

121
Q

What absorbs monomers in the small intestine?

A

capillaries or lacteals

122
Q

What is the flow of the small intestine from the duodenum?

A

duodenum to jejunum to ileum

123
Q

Finishing enzymes come from what glands?

A

intestinal glands

124
Q

Do the duodenal glands secrete alkaline or acidic mucus and why

A

they secrete alkaline mucus which buffers stomach acid

125
Q

What type of cell secretes mucus?

A

goblet cell

126
Q

FYI

A

Pancreas (which releases digestive enzymes) ports into small intestine

127
Q

FYI

A

Small intestine has circular folds that allow for better absorption

128
Q

What three structures are the villi composed of?

A

Absorptive cells
capillaries/lacteals
microvilli

129
Q

What are the two components of mechanical digestion in the small intestine?

A

Segmentations and peristalsis

130
Q

Describe peristalsis in the small intestine

A

Occurs post segmentation and is a slow migration from stomach to ilium

131
Q

Small intestine: Chem digestion: brush border enzymes: the -ase’s : name and describe function

A

alpha dextrinase
maltase
sucrase
lactase

convert their input to monosaccharides (mostly glucose)

-Maltase works on maltose, sucrase on sucrose, etc

132
Q

Small intestine: Chem digestion: brush border enzymes: the enzymes that work on peptides/proteins : name and describe function

A

aminopeptidase
dipeptidase

convert to amino acids; or catalyze the the cleavage of amino acids in petides/proteins

133
Q

Purpose and location of nucleosides and phosphatases

A

take nucleotides and break them down into parts

located in small intestine

134
Q

What are the three main components of chemical digestion in the small intestine?

A

Brush border enzymes
intestinal juices
pancreatic juice

135
Q

FYI

A

Bile and intestinal juice work in combination with eachother

136
Q

What are the three main components of mechanical digestion in the large intestine?

A

Haustral churning
Peristalsis
Mass peristalsis

137
Q

What are Haustra and what is Haustral chruning?

A

Haustra are the pockets in the large intestine and Haustral churning is the contraction following distension

138
Q

Describe chemical digestion in the large intestine

A

Bacteria is the large intestine consume the contents of the large intestine (not for our benefit), but their byproducsts are useful to us (and also create farts)

139
Q

Where is the last stop for absorption of water, ions, and vitamins?

A

The large intestine

140
Q

FYI

A

Diarrhea indicates that water is not being absorbed well in the large intestine

141
Q

where are feces formed?

A

in the large intestine

142
Q

What is feces composed of?

A 
Water
inorganic salts
bacteria and their products
unabsorbed/indigestible material
epithelial cells
143
Q

What are the five steps of the defecation reflex and are they voluntary or involuntary?

A

Rectum distends - involuntary
Stretch receptors are triggered from the spinal cord - involuntary
The parasympathetic nervous system causes contraction of colon and rectum - involuntary
Internal anal sphincter opens - involuntary
External anal sphincter is voluntarily relaxed - voluntary

144
Q

What are the four macro molecules and subtypes, if any?

A

Carbohydrates - Mono- and polysaccharides
Proteins - Amino acids form polypeptides
Lipids - Simple, complex, steroids
Nucleic acids

145
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of carbs?

A 
Salivary and pancreatic amylase
alpha dextrinase
sucrase
lactase
maltase
146
Q

what do amylases do?

A

break down starch into maltose or alpha dextrins

147
Q

what does alpha dextrinase do?

A

breaks down alpha dextrins to glucose or more accurately breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

148
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed where?

A

the small intestine

149
Q

fructose travels via

A

facilitated diffusion

150
Q

glucose and galactose travel via

A

secondary active transport

151
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of proteins?

A 
pepsin
trypsin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase
152
Q

what do pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase do?

A

turn protein into peptides

153
Q

what does carboxypeptidase do?

A

turns peptides into smaller peptides or amino acids

154
Q

what do aminopeptidase and dipeptidase do?

A

turn peptides into amino acids

they are also known as the finishing enzymes

155
Q

Where are amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides absorbed and via what transport method(s)

A

absorbed in the small intestine via active or secondary active transport

156
Q

what are the enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of fats?

A

lingual lipase
gastric lipase
pancreatic lipase
bile salts

157
Q

what is the purpose of the lipases?

A

they turn triglycerides into fatty acids or monoglycerides/diglycerides

158
Q

what is the purpose of bile salts?

A

they ease the absorption of long-chain fatty acids and are used in emulsification

159
Q

Through what transport method are lipids absorbed?

A

All lipids are absorbed by diffusion

160
Q

Short chain fatty acids are carried via what type of vessel?

A

capillaries

161
Q

long chain fatty acids are carried via what type of vessel?

A

lacteals

162
Q

FYI

A

the longer the fatty acid, the more likely it is carried by the lacteals

163
Q

What is beta oxidation as it applies to metabolism?

A

beta oxidation is when 2 carbons are removed from the fatty acid + CoA to create acetyl CoA which then leads in to the Krebs Cycle

164
Q

Describe the 4 steps of deanimation as it applies to metabolism

A

The amino group is removed form the amino acid
NH3 is converted to urea by the liver which eventually becomes urine
The amino acid is converted to Krebs molecules and oxidized for ATP
Amino acid is is also converted to glucose and fatty acids

165
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the chemical digestion of nucleic acids?

A

Ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
nucleosidases
phosphatases

166
Q

what is the purpose of ribonuclease

A

breaks down RNA into nucleotides

167
Q

what is the purpose of deoxyribonuclease

A

breaks down DNA to nucleotides

168
Q

what is the purpose of nucleosidases and phosphatases

A

break down nucleotides into 3 parts

169
Q

through what transport method are the parts of nucleic acid absorbed?

A

absorbed via active transport

170
Q

what is the pH of saliva?

A

6.5 (acidic)

171
Q

what is the pH of gastric juice?

A

2 (acidic)

172
Q

what is the pH of pancreatic juice?

A

7.1 - 8.2

173
Q

what is the pH of intestinal juice?

A

7.6

174
Q

pH is adjusted by what type of feedback and what are some examples?

A

adjusted by negative feedback, examples include buffers and hormone release

175
Q

what are the three hormones involved in digestion?

A

Gastrin
Cholecystokinen
Secretin

176
Q

what is the purpose of gastrin?

A

triggers an increase in gastric juice which leads to the cascading effect of increased gastric emptying and sphinter control

177
Q

what is the purpose of cholecystokinen?

A

triggers an increase in pacreatic juice which leads to the cascading effect of increased bile release leading to increased gastric emptying and satiation

178
Q

what is the purpose of secretin?

A

triggers an increase in pancreatic juice which leads to a decrease in gastric juice

179
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Salivary amylase

A

Release by salivary glands in mouth
active in the mouth
job is to break down starch to maltose and dextrins

180
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Pancreatic amylase

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down starch to maltose and and dextrins

181
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Alpha dextrinase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to break down starch/glycogen to glucose

182
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Sucrase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to convert sucrose to glucose

183
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Lactase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to convert lactose into glucose

184
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Maltase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to convert maltose into glucose

185
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Lingual Lipase

A

released by salivary glands in mouth
active in small intestine
job is to break down triglycerides to fatty acids and diglycerides

186
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Gastric Lipase

A

released in stomach
active in stomach and small intestine
job is to break down triglycerides to fatty acids and diglycerides

187
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Pancreatic lipase

A

released in pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down triglycerides to fatty acids and diglycerides

188
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Pepsin

A

released by chief cells in stomach
active in stomach
job is to break down proteins into polypeptides

189
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Trypsin

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down polypeptides into small peptides

190
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Chymotrypsin

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down proteins into polypeptides

191
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Elastase

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine (activated by trypsin)
job is to break down proteins into polypeptides

192
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Carboxypeptidase

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down proteins into polypeptides

193
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Aminopeptidase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to break down protein, specifically removing the amino portion

194
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

Dipeptidase

A

released by brush border of small intestine
active in small intestine
job is to break down protein to convert to amino acids

195
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

ribonuclease

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down RNA to nucleotides

196
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

deoxyribonuclease

A

released by pancreas
active in small intestine
job is to break down DNA to nucleotides

197
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

nucleosidases

A

released by brush border enzymes
active in small intestine
job is to break down nucleosides

198
Q

Where is it released? Where is it active? What is its job?

phosphatases

A

released by liver
active in liver
job is to break down nucleotides into 3 parts

199
Q

Gastrin: Where is it produced? Where is it active? What triggers it? What does it do?

A

produced in stomach by gastric glands
active in stomach
triggered by the smell or sight of food
causes gastric juice increase which leads to increase of gastric emptying

200
Q

Cholecystokinen: Where is it released? What does it do?

A

Released in the small intestine
causes increase in pancreatic juice which leads to increase in bile release which leads to increased gastric emptying and satiation

201
Q

Secretin: Where is it released? What does it do?

A

Released by the small intestine

Causes increase in pancreatic juice which leads to decrease in gastric juice

A&P II (11 decks)

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