Respiratory System Flashcards
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Sydrome
- hyaline membrane disease
- deficiency of surfactant
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- respiratory
- hyaline membranes in alveolar ducts
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- spirometer (for diagnoses)
Emphysema
“pink puffers”
Chronic Bronchitis
- productive cough (more than three consecutive months
- hypersecretion of mucus in large bronchi
- mucous plugs (obstruction) in small airway
- “blue bloater”
Asthma
- intermittent and reversible airway obstructions
- allergens bind to IgE on mast cells
- eosinophils (release mediators/granules; damage epithelial cells in airway)
Status Asthmaticus
- severe/persistent episode
- requires immediate corticosteroids/bronchodilators
- occasionally fatal
Asthma Management
- albuterol (most common rescue inhaler)
Question to ask an asthmatic patient
of emergency room visits
Bronchiectasis
- irreversible dilation of bronchus/bronchiole and scarring
- destruction of smooth muscle/supporting elastic tissue
- severe persistent cough
- dyspnea
Chronic Interstitial Lung Disease
- pneumoconiosis
- honeycomb lung
Granulomatous Lung Disease
- sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis
- multisystem disorder
- non-caseating granulomas
- non-productive
- asteroids bodies
Pulmonary Embolism
- patients with a history of 1 embolism have 30% of another one
Pneumonia
consolidation (solidification)
Legionella Pneumophila
Legionnaire disease
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
chronic alcoholics
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- invades blood vessels
- may progress to severe infection and die within days
Primary TB
- unsensitized host
- focal scarring of lung
- most patients asymptomatic
- self-limited
- Ghon complex (caseating granulomas)
Secondary TB
- if immune system becomes compromised: reactivation of pathogens
- contagious
- occurs in only 5% of patients with disease
- systemic miliary TB (enter bloodstream and spread)
- acid-fast pathogens in sputum
Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
- before metastasis: pneumonectomy (removal of part/lobe of lung)
- unresectable tumors: target specific oncoproteins; immunotherapy (checkpoint inhibitors)
Small cell lung carcinoma
- most have metastasized at diagnosis
- only options: chemotherapy with/without radiation
Lung cancer from metastasis
- 30-55% of all cancers metastasize to lung
- large nodules - “cannon ball” metastases
- primary cancer site: condyle
Pneumothorax
accumulation of air within the pleural sac leads to collapse of lung
Pleural Effusion
excess fluid in pleural space
- ominous finding
