Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Environmental and Nutrition > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the single largest preventable cause of death?

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False? After 15 years of abstinence, mortality rate of ex-smokers approaches those who have never smoked.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smoking is a major risk factor for what three things?

A
  • myocardial infarction
  • increased BP
  • increased blood cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False? Smoking initiates MI’s and increases risk of 2nd heart attack.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___ contributes to erosion and instability of atherosclerotic plaques.

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False? Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and aorta more sever in smokers.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mechanism by which atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and aorta in smokers?

A

Nicotine and carbon monoxide:

  • decrease in plasma high density lipoproteins levels
  • increase in plasma fibrinogen
  • increase in leukocyte counts (predisposes to MI’s and stroke)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the single most common cancer death in both men and women?

A

lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking?

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cigarette smokes contains thousands of what three things?

A
  • carcinogens
  • tumor promoters
  • cilio-toxic agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 6 cancers attributed to smoking?

A
  • larynx
  • esophagus
  • bladder
  • adenocacinoma
  • pancreas
  • uterine/cervix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What other diseases are smokers at higher risk for?

A
  • chronic bronchitis/emphysema
  • peptic ulcer disease
  • ocular disease
  • for women:
    • osteoporosis
    • thyroid disease
    • earlier menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False? 20-40% low birth weight attributable to maternal cigarette smoking.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

People with ______ may later in life have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, otitis media, and lasting long term damages to physical, cognitive, and emotional development.

A

fetal tobacco syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Environment tobacco smoke is a risk factor for what 4 diseases?

A
  • lung cancer
  • respiratory illness and hospitalizations
  • coronary artery disease
  • sudden cardiac death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain ethanol metabolism.

A

Ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde in the microsomes or peroxisomes. Acetaldehyde which is toxic, is quickly converted into acetic acid in the mitochondria and goes into the Kreb’s cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ is addiction to ethanol exhibiting dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

A

Alcoholism

18
Q

_____ is the toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism.

A

acetaldehyde

19
Q

True or False? Acetaldehyde affects all bodily systems.

A

True

20
Q

What is the most common complication of alcoholism?

A

liver disease

21
Q

How does alcohol affect pancreas?

A

acute and chronic pancreatitis

22
Q

How does alcohol affect heart?

A

alcoholic cardiomyopathy

23
Q

How does alcohol affect skeletal muscle?

A

acute alcoholic rhabdomyolysis

24
Q

How does alcohol affect endocrine system?

A
  • impaired estrogen metabolism/lower testosterone
  • feminization of males
  • loss of potency and libido
  • direct toxic effect on testes - atrophy
25
Q

How does alcohol affect GI tract?

A
  • reflux esophogitis
  • peptic ulcers
  • mallory weiss syndrome
26
Q

How does alcohol affect blood?

A
  • megaloblastic anemia

- thrombocytopenia

27
Q

How does alcohol affect bone?

A

osteoporosis

28
Q

How does alcohol affect nervous system?

A
  • wernicke encephalopathy
29
Q

What are the four complications of oral contraceptives?

A
  • deep vein thrombosis
  • no increased risk in MI or ischemic stroke
  • decrease in tumoes of female organs except benign liver adenomas
  • breast cancer - still controversial
30
Q

What are the benefits of oral contraceptives?

A 
- decreased risk of:
ovarian and endometrial cancer
pelvic inflammatory disease
uterine leiomyomas
endometriosis
fibrocystic disease of breast
acne
31
Q

Inhaling mineral dust leads to _____.

A

pulmonary diseases (pneumoconiosis) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis

32
Q

What are the volatile organic solvents and vapors?

A
  • chloroform
  • carbon tetrachloride
  • trichlorethylene
  • methanol
  • ethylene glycol
  • gasoline and kerosine
  • benzene
33
Q

Acute responses to agricultural chemicals include ______ disorders.

A

neuromuscular

34
Q

______ people die each year from pesticide poisoning.

A

30-40

35
Q

What are the agricultural chemicals?

A
  • aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons (no documented toxicity in humans)
  • air pollutants
  • carbon monoxide
  • lead
  • mercury
  • arsenic
  • nickle
36
Q

What are the regulatory dysfunctions?

A

hypothermia

hyperthermia

37
Q

What is a decrease in body temp below 35C or 95F?

A

hypothermia

38
Q

What are fever or heat stroke?

A

hyperthermia

39
Q

What destroys epithelium from oral cavity to alveoli?

A

inhalation burns

40
Q

What causes death via ventricular fibrillation?

A

electrical burns

41
Q

What may disrupt capillaries?

A

bruise (contusion)

Pathology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions