Environmental and Nutrition

Question 1

What is the single largest preventable cause of death?

Answer 1

smoking

Question 2

True or False? After 15 years of abstinence, mortality rate of ex-smokers approaches those who have never smoked.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Smoking is a major risk factor for what three things?

Answer 3

• myocardial infarction
• increased BP
• increased blood cholesterol

Question 4

True or False? Smoking initiates MI’s and increases risk of 2nd heart attack.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

___ contributes to erosion and instability of atherosclerotic plaques.

Answer 5

Smoking

Question 6

True or False? Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and aorta more sever in smokers.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is the mechanism by which atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and aorta in smokers?

Answer 7

Nicotine and carbon monoxide:

• decrease in plasma high density lipoproteins levels
• increase in plasma fibrinogen
• increase in leukocyte counts (predisposes to MI’s and stroke)

Question 8

What is the single most common cancer death in both men and women?

Answer 8

lung cancer

Question 9

What percentage of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking?

Answer 9

85%

Question 10

Cigarette smokes contains thousands of what three things?

Answer 10

• carcinogens
• tumor promoters
• cilio-toxic agents

Question 11

What are the 6 cancers attributed to smoking?

Answer 11

• larynx
• esophagus
• bladder
• adenocacinoma
• pancreas
• uterine/cervix

Question 12

What other diseases are smokers at higher risk for?

Answer 12

• chronic bronchitis/emphysema
• peptic ulcer disease
• ocular disease
• for women:
  
  • osteoporosis
  • thyroid disease
  • earlier menopause

Question 13

True or False? 20-40% low birth weight attributable to maternal cigarette smoking.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

People with ______ may later in life have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, otitis media, and lasting long term damages to physical, cognitive, and emotional development.

Answer 14

fetal tobacco syndrome

Question 15

Environment tobacco smoke is a risk factor for what 4 diseases?

Answer 15

• lung cancer
• respiratory illness and hospitalizations
• coronary artery disease
• sudden cardiac death

Question 16

Explain ethanol metabolism.

Answer 16

Ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde in the microsomes or peroxisomes. Acetaldehyde which is toxic, is quickly converted into acetic acid in the mitochondria and goes into the Kreb’s cycle.

Question 17

_____ is addiction to ethanol exhibiting dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 17

Alcoholism

Question 18

_____ is the toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism.

Answer 18

acetaldehyde

Question 19

True or False? Acetaldehyde affects all bodily systems.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the most common complication of alcoholism?

Answer 20

liver disease

Question 21

How does alcohol affect pancreas?

Answer 21

acute and chronic pancreatitis

Question 22

How does alcohol affect heart?

Answer 22

alcoholic cardiomyopathy

Question 23

How does alcohol affect skeletal muscle?

Answer 23

acute alcoholic rhabdomyolysis

Question 24

How does alcohol affect endocrine system?

Answer 24

• impaired estrogen metabolism/lower testosterone
• feminization of males
• loss of potency and libido
• direct toxic effect on testes - atrophy

Question 25

How does alcohol affect GI tract?

Answer 25

- reflux esophogitis - peptic ulcers - mallory weiss syndrome

Question 26

How does alcohol affect blood?

Answer 26

- megaloblastic anemia | - thrombocytopenia

Question 27

How does alcohol affect bone?

Answer 27

osteoporosis

Question 28

How does alcohol affect nervous system?

Answer 28

- wernicke encephalopathy

Question 29

What are the four complications of oral contraceptives?

Answer 29

- deep vein thrombosis - no increased risk in MI or ischemic stroke - decrease in tumoes of female organs except benign liver adenomas - breast cancer - still controversial

Question 30

What are the benefits of oral contraceptives?

Answer 30

``` - decreased risk of: ovarian and endometrial cancer pelvic inflammatory disease uterine leiomyomas endometriosis fibrocystic disease of breast acne ```

Question 31

Inhaling mineral dust leads to _____.

Answer 31

pulmonary diseases (pneumoconiosis) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Question 32

What are the volatile organic solvents and vapors?

Answer 32

- chloroform - carbon tetrachloride - trichlorethylene - methanol - ethylene glycol - gasoline and kerosine - benzene

Question 33

Acute responses to agricultural chemicals include ______ disorders.

Answer 33

neuromuscular

Question 34

______ people die each year from pesticide poisoning.

Answer 34

30-40

Question 35

What are the agricultural chemicals?

Answer 35

- aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons (no documented toxicity in humans) - air pollutants - carbon monoxide - lead - mercury - arsenic - nickle

Question 36

What are the regulatory dysfunctions?

Answer 36

hypothermia | hyperthermia

Question 37

What is a decrease in body temp below 35C or 95F?

Answer 37

hypothermia

Question 38

What are fever or heat stroke?

Answer 38

hyperthermia

Question 39

What destroys epithelium from oral cavity to alveoli?

Answer 39

inhalation burns

Question 40

What causes death via ventricular fibrillation?

Answer 40

electrical burns

Question 41

What may disrupt capillaries?

Answer 41

bruise (contusion)