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Pathology > Kidney and Male Tract > Flashcards

Kidney and Male Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of the kidney

A

blood filtration and urea excretion

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2
Q

Additional role of kidneys

A

regulating blood pressure through angiotensin-aldosterone system

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3
Q

Na concentration sensed by

A

macula densa cells

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4
Q

Renin secreted by

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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5
Q

Glomerulus attached to

A

tubule

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6
Q

Blood is filtered in the

A

glomerulus

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7
Q

Kidneys convert _____into 1L of urine

A

1700L blood/day

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8
Q

3 hormones released by kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)
Renin
Active form of vitamin D biosynthesis

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9
Q

____ regulates blood pressre through the Renin-Angiotensin system

A

Renin

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10
Q

____ stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells

A

EPO

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11
Q

_____ helps maintain calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance in the body

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

2 most common causes of kidney disease

A

diabetes

high blood pressure

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of renal diseases

A

azotemia
parenchymal disease of the glomeruli
uremia

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14
Q

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, generally reflects decreased GFR

A

azotemia

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15
Q

Characterized not only by failure of renal excretory function but also by a host of metabolic and endocrine alterations resulting from renal damage

A

uremia

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16
Q
  • GFR less than 60 mL/minute/1.73m2 for at least 3 months
  • and/or persistent albuminuria
  • GFR about 30% to 50% of normal
A

chronic kidney disease

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17
Q

Renal agenesis
Ectopic Kidney
Horseshoe kidney
Renal dysplasia

A

congenital anomalies

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18
Q

Congenital Cystic kidney disease.

Acquired cystic kidney Disease

A

Cystic Kidney diseases

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19
Q

Minimal change Glomerulopathy (nephrotic)
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (nephrotic)
Membranous glomerulopathy (nephrotic)
Type I membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN type I)
Type II membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN type II)
IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) (nephritic)
Anti-Glomerular basement membrane Glomerulonephritis (nephritic)
Acute post infectious glomerulonephritis (nephritic)
ANCA Glomerulonephritis

A

Immune mediated glomerular inflammation

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20
Q 
Lupus glomerulonephritis (2ry)
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis (2ry)
A

Secondary to systemic diseases glomerular inflammation

21
Q 
Hereditary nephritis (Alport Syndrome) (mutation of IV collage)
Thin Glomerular Basement membrane Nephropathy
A

Isolated glomerular abnormalities glomerular inflammation

22
Q 
Renal vasculitis
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (benign nephrosclerosis)
Malignant hypertensive nephropathy
Renovascular hypertension
Thrombotic microangiopathy
Cortical necrosis
A

vascular diseases

23
Q 
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
Pyelonephritis
Analgesic nephropathy
Drug-induced (hypersensitivity) tubulointerstitial nephritis
Light-chain cast nephropathy
Urate nephropathy
A

Tubulointerstitial diseases

24
Q

Allograft nephropathy
Drug toxicity
Recurrent diseases
Transplant glomerulopathy

A

diseases in the transplant

25
Q

Wilms’ Tumor (nephroblastoma)
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma

A

Malignant Tumors of the Kindey

26
Q

Complete bilateral agenesis (still born)
Unilateral agenesis: compensated by the contralateral kidney (hypertrophy), not a serious matter if there is no associated anomalies.

A

Renal agenesis

27
Q

Misplaced in the pelvis

A

ectopic kidney

28
Q

Single large midline organ
Infant born with fused kidneys
May increase risk of obstruction and pyelonephritis; ureters cross over the junction between the two kidneys and are fused at the lower pole.

A

Horseshoe Kindey

29
Q

Undifferentiated tubular structures, primitive mesenchyme, heterotopic
tissue such as cartilage. Cysts form from the abnormal tubules.
Familial, genetic and somatic causes.
Palpable flank mass
Unilateral Dysplasia (removal of the involved kidney)
Bilateral aplastic dysplasia (Potter sequence

A

renal dysplasia

30
Q

typical physical appearance and associated pulmonary hypoplasia of a neonate as a direct result of oligohydramnios and compression while in utero.

A

Potter syndrome

31
Q

Numerous cysts in the renal parenchyma
The most common congenital disease with renal cysts
1:400-1:1000 individuals in the USA
50% develop end-stage renal failure
Mutation in PKD1 (85%)
The primary cilia of the renal tubular epithelium (tubule growth and sensing urine)
1/3 of ADPKD: have hepatic cysts
1/5 of ADPKD: have cerebral aneurysm and intracranial hemorrhage (cause of death in 15% of ADPKD).

A

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kindey

32
Q

Rare, infants
In the collecting ducts
1:6000-1:40000
25% succumb to the disease in perinatal period (potter sequence)
Those who survive, progress to renal insufficiency.
Mutation of PKHD1 (fibrocystin protein)
Pancreatic cysts, hepatic biliary dysgenesis, fibrosis, and Cystic transformation of the renal collecting ducts
Smooth external surface of kidney.
Bilateral

A

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

33
Q

Rarely clinically symptomatic, unless very large.
Usually in the outer cortex, simple ones in medulla.
In 50% of people over 50 years of age

A

simple renal cyst

34
Q

Often develop multiple cortical and medullary cysts (hyperplastic and neoplastic proliferation may develop)

A

long term dialysis

35
Q

These cells are phagocytic and secrete the amorphous basement membrane-like material known as the mesangial matrix. They are typically separated from the lumen of the capillaries by endothelial cells.
It is in the middle (meso) between the capillaries (angis). It is contained by the basement membrane, which surrounds both the capillaries and the mesangium

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

36
Q

The most common cause of Glomerulonephritis in the world.

nephritic syndrome

A

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease) (Nephritic)

37
Q

First two major diagnostic considerations for patients with asymptomatic glomerular hematuria (Nephritic):

A

Thin Glomerular Basement membrane

IgA Nephropathy

38
Q

HEMATURIA (visible or microscopic)
Variable degrees of proteinuria
Decreased glomerular filtration rate. Elevated BUN, serum creatinine
Oliguria, salt and water retention, edema, and hypertension
Inflammatory damage: endocapillary, extracapillary hypercellularity, leukocyte infiltration and necrosis, hyperplasia of the glomerular cells.

A

Nephritic syndrome

39
Q

characteristic of classic anti-GBM disease

A

Linear

40
Q

Increased glomerular capillary permeability
Severe PROTEINURIA (>3.5g protein/24hrs)
Hypoalbuminemia (<3gm/dl)
Generalized edema
Hyperlipidemia, & lipiduria ( increase lipoprotein synthesis in liver)
All glomerular diseases occasionally produce mixed nephritic and nephrotic manifestations (confound clinical diagnosis), except for Minimal-change glomerulopathy ( only Nephrotic Syndrome)

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

41
Q

Minimal-change glomerulopathy causes ____ in 75% of children, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 35% of adults, and membranous glomerulopathy in 30% of adults

A

Nephrotic sydrome

42
Q

arecellsin theBowman’s capsulein thekidneysthat wrap around the capillaries of theglomerulus.

A

podocytes

43
Q

is most frequently mediated by immune mechanisms

A

Glomerular inflammation

44
Q

common, highly variable manifestations of lupus nephritis (variable immune complexes)
can have many morphologic manifestations on renal biopsy.
In general, the more immune complex deposition and the more cellular proliferation, the worse the disease.
In this case, there is extensive immune complex deposition in the thickened glomerular capillary loops, giving a so-calledwire loopappearance.
Autoantibodies against nuclear and nonnuclear antigens (DNA,RNA, nucleoproteins, and phospholipids)

A

Lupus glomerulonephritis

45
Q

Leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US

The most common cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome

A

diabetic glomeruloscelerosis

46
Q

Most frequent abdominal solid tumor in children (1:10,000)

WT1

A

Malignant Tumors of the kidney

47
Q

most common Primary cancer of the kidney.
80% of Renal Cancers
VHL, Von Hippel Lindau

A

renal cell carcinoma

48
Q

obstructive symptoms ofurinary tract infection, obstruction, acute urinary retention, bladder hypertrophy

A

NODULAR HYPERPLASIA OF THE PROSTATE (BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA

49
Q

230,000 new cases annually in the US.

27,000 die annually

A

INSITU AND INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

Pathology (17 decks)

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