Cell Injury

Question 1

What is damage to the cell that occurs when environmental changes exceed the capacity of the cell to maintain normal cellular homeostasis?

Answer 1

Cell injury

Question 2

What are the two type of cell injury?

Answer 2

Reversible and irreversible

Question 3

What are the results of reversible cell injury?

Answer 3

Acute and/or chronic inflammation

Question 4

What are the results of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 4

Cell death

Question 5

What are the types of injurious stimuli?

Answer 5

• hypoxia
• ischemia
• physical agents
• chemical agents
• infectious agents
• anaphylactic or autoimmune immunologic reactions
• nutritional imbalances
• genetic derangements

Question 6

What are the vulnerable intracellular targets?

Answer 6

• cell membrane
• mitochondria
• protein synthesis
• cytoskeleton
• genetic integrity

Question 7

What is a condition of reversible cell injury characterized by a large pale cytoplasm and a normally located nucleus?

Answer 7

hydropic swelling

Question 8

What is the first manifestation of cellular injury and interferes with ion pumps?

Answer 8

hydropic swelling

Question 9

What are the ultrastructural changes that occur with hydropic swelling?

Answer 9

• cellular and organelle swelling
• blebs in the membrane
• clumping of chromatin

Question 10

What is the decrease in the size and function of the cell, recognized as dimunition in the size and function of an organ?

Answer 10

atrophy

Question 11

True or False? In atrophy, restoration of normal conditions may lead to increase to normal size and restoration of differentiated functions.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What conditions may lead to cell atrophy?

Answer 12

• reduced functional demand
• inadequate supply for oxygen (hypoxia)
• insufficient nutrients (ischemia)
• interruption of hormonal/endocrine stimulation
• loss of innervation
• persistent cell injury
• aging (senile atrophy)

Question 13

What is the increase in size of the cell, accompanied by an increase in the size of the organ and an augmented functional capacity?

Answer 13

hypertrophy

Question 14

What two conditions may lead to cell hypertrophy?

Answer 14

• hormonal stimulation

- increased functional demand

Question 15

What is increase in number of cells in an organ, resulting in increased volume/size of the organ and an augmented functional capacity?

Answer 15

hyperplasia

Question 16

What three conditions may lead to cell hyperplasia?

Answer 16

• hormonal stimulation
• increased functional demand
• persistent cell injury

Question 17

What determines whether a cell go through hypertrophy or hyperplasia?

Answer 17

The ability of the cell to go through mitosis (like the liver). Myocardial cell and neurons don’t go through hypertrophy.

Question 18

What is the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another?

Answer 18

metaplasia

Question 19

Metaplasia occurs in ______ tissue.

Answer 19

epithelial

Question 20

Metaplasia is the response to what type of injury?

Answer 20

Chronic injury

Question 21

________ may give rise to neoplastic transformation.

Answer 21

Metaplasia

Question 22

What are the sequences of metaplasia?

Answer 22

Glandular epithelium —-> squamous epithelium

Squamous epithelium —-> glandular epithelium

Question 23

What is alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue?

Answer 23

dysplasia

Question 24

What occurs in epithelial tissue and is considered a preneoplastic lesion?

Answer 24

dysplasia

Question 25

What is malignant alteration of the cells of a tissue?

Answer 25

neoplasia

Question 26

What are 3 effects of depletion of ATP?

Answer 26

• defective functioning of teh Na+ pump
• increase in anaerobic glycolysis
• detachment of ribosomes

Question 27

What are two effects of mitochondrial damage?

Answer 27

• mitochondrial permeability transition

- de-coupling of cytochrome c from respiratory chain

Question 28

What are three effects of increased intracellular calcium and loss of calcium homeostasis?

Answer 28

• activation of phospholipases, proteases and endonucleases
• activation of ATPase
• increase in the mitochondrial permeability transition

Question 29

What are two effects of defects in membrane permeability?

Answer 29

• defects in oxygen availability

- increased levels of cytosolic Calcium

Question 30

What are two effects of damage of cellular components?

Answer 30

• protein misfolding

- DNA damage

Question 31

What are the three types of cell death?

Answer 31

necrosis
apoptosis
entosis

Question 32

What is the spectrum of morphologic changes, resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cell?

Answer 32

necrosis

Question 33

What type of cell death is a passive response to cell damage?

Answer 33

necrosis

Question 34

What type of necrosis is characterized by slow cellular digestion?

Answer 34

coagulative necrosis

Question 35

What type of necrosis is characterized by rapid death and dissolution of the cells?

Answer 35

liquefactive necrosis

Question 36

What type of necrosis is characterized by irregular, chalky-white area embedded in normal adipose tissue?

Answer 36

fat necrosis

Question 37

What type of necrosis is characterized by typical lesion of tuberculosis?

Answer 37

caseous necrosis

Question 38

What type of necrosis is characterized by affecting injured blood vessels?

Answer 38

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 39

What is genetically determined, internal, self-destruct mechanism of cell death (controlled suicide program)?

Answer 39

apoptosis (Type I PCD)

Question 40

What is mechanism of apoptosis mediated by membrane receptors: death receptors?

Answer 40

extrinsic mechanism

Question 41

What mechanism of apoptosis is mediated by cell damage and “intracellular sensors”: p53 and proteins of the Bax, Bak family?

Answer 41

intrinsic mechanism

Question 42

What is nonapoptotic mechanism of cell death in which the dying cell is internalized into another cell?

Answer 42

entosis