Cell Injury Flashcards
What is damage to the cell that occurs when environmental changes exceed the capacity of the cell to maintain normal cellular homeostasis?
Cell injury
What are the two type of cell injury?
Reversible and irreversible
What are the results of reversible cell injury?
Acute and/or chronic inflammation
What are the results of irreversible cell injury?
Cell death
What are the types of injurious stimuli?
- hypoxia
- ischemia
- physical agents
- chemical agents
- infectious agents
- anaphylactic or autoimmune immunologic reactions
- nutritional imbalances
- genetic derangements
What are the vulnerable intracellular targets?
- cell membrane
- mitochondria
- protein synthesis
- cytoskeleton
- genetic integrity
What is a condition of reversible cell injury characterized by a large pale cytoplasm and a normally located nucleus?
hydropic swelling
What is the first manifestation of cellular injury and interferes with ion pumps?
hydropic swelling
What are the ultrastructural changes that occur with hydropic swelling?
- cellular and organelle swelling
- blebs in the membrane
- clumping of chromatin
What is the decrease in the size and function of the cell, recognized as dimunition in the size and function of an organ?
atrophy
True or False? In atrophy, restoration of normal conditions may lead to increase to normal size and restoration of differentiated functions.
True
What conditions may lead to cell atrophy?
- reduced functional demand
- inadequate supply for oxygen (hypoxia)
- insufficient nutrients (ischemia)
- interruption of hormonal/endocrine stimulation
- loss of innervation
- persistent cell injury
- aging (senile atrophy)
What is the increase in size of the cell, accompanied by an increase in the size of the organ and an augmented functional capacity?
hypertrophy
What two conditions may lead to cell hypertrophy?
- hormonal stimulation
- increased functional demand
What is increase in number of cells in an organ, resulting in increased volume/size of the organ and an augmented functional capacity?
hyperplasia
What three conditions may lead to cell hyperplasia?
- hormonal stimulation
- increased functional demand
- persistent cell injury
What determines whether a cell go through hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
The ability of the cell to go through mitosis (like the liver). Myocardial cell and neurons don’t go through hypertrophy.
What is the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another?
metaplasia
Metaplasia occurs in ______ tissue.
epithelial
Metaplasia is the response to what type of injury?
Chronic injury
________ may give rise to neoplastic transformation.
Metaplasia
What are the sequences of metaplasia?
Glandular epithelium —-> squamous epithelium
Squamous epithelium —-> glandular epithelium
What is alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue?
dysplasia
What occurs in epithelial tissue and is considered a preneoplastic lesion?
dysplasia
What is malignant alteration of the cells of a tissue?
neoplasia
What are 3 effects of depletion of ATP?
- defective functioning of teh Na+ pump
- increase in anaerobic glycolysis
- detachment of ribosomes
What are two effects of mitochondrial damage?
- mitochondrial permeability transition
- de-coupling of cytochrome c from respiratory chain
What are three effects of increased intracellular calcium and loss of calcium homeostasis?
- activation of phospholipases, proteases and endonucleases
- activation of ATPase
- increase in the mitochondrial permeability transition
What are two effects of defects in membrane permeability?
- defects in oxygen availability
- increased levels of cytosolic Calcium
What are two effects of damage of cellular components?
- protein misfolding
- DNA damage
What are the three types of cell death?
necrosis
apoptosis
entosis
What is the spectrum of morphologic changes, resulting from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cell?
necrosis
What type of cell death is a passive response to cell damage?
necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by slow cellular digestion?
coagulative necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by rapid death and dissolution of the cells?
liquefactive necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by irregular, chalky-white area embedded in normal adipose tissue?
fat necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by typical lesion of tuberculosis?
caseous necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by affecting injured blood vessels?
fibrinoid necrosis
What is genetically determined, internal, self-destruct mechanism of cell death (controlled suicide program)?
apoptosis (Type I PCD)
What is mechanism of apoptosis mediated by membrane receptors: death receptors?
extrinsic mechanism
What mechanism of apoptosis is mediated by cell damage and “intracellular sensors”: p53 and proteins of the Bax, Bak family?
intrinsic mechanism
What is nonapoptotic mechanism of cell death in which the dying cell is internalized into another cell?
entosis
