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i love my life > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the pulmonary system?

A
  1. Gas Exchange (Main Function)
  2. Sense of smell
  3. Filters and humidifies air
  4. Produce sound
  5. Eliminates waste products
  6. Defense mechanism
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2
Q

Describe the 4 main processes (parts) done by the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. Gas Exchange
  3. Internal Respiration
  4. Regulation of Breathing
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2
Q

What structures are found in the upper airway?

A

nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

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2
Q

What structures are found in the lower respiratory?

A

larynx, trachea, lungs, alveolus

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2
Q

The conduit zone runs from which generations?

A

1st-16th generation

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2
Q

The respiratory zone runs from which generations?

A

17th -23rd generation

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2
Q

The “functional part” of the respiratory system refers to which zone?

A

respiratory zone

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2
Q

The respiratory zone is roughly ____ml.

A

3L

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2
Q

The bronchioles up until the alveoli is part of which zone?

A

respiratory zone

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3
Q

The conduit zone is roughly ____ml.

A

150 ml

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3
Q

The respiratory system is divided into how many generations?

A

23 generations

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4
Q

The respiratory system is branched into what kind of branching?

A

dichotomous

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5
Q

The fibrous-cartilage layer is found only at the _________.

A

Trachea

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6
Q

Why do bronchioles have thin walls?

A

to facilitate gas exchange

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7
Q

What is the lipid-protein substance that is released by the alveoli? What is its function?

A

surfactant. lowers surface tension and keeps patency

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7
Q

Which gland secretes watery phlegm?

A

serous gland

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8
Q

Which gland secretes “slimy” or “sticky” phlegm?

A

mucous gland

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8
Q

Where do smooth muscles in the respiratory tract start?

A

trachea but persists down the respiratory tract

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9
Q

What is the function of smooth muscles in the respiratory system?

A

keeps patency

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9
Q

The upper respiratory tract is primarily made of cuboidal cells. T/F?

A

F. It primarily contains pseudostratified epithelium, cilia, secretory cells, and basal cells.

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9
Q

Secretary glands are mainly found at the lower respiratory tract. T/F?

A

F. It is mainly cuboidal cells, secretory glands are practically absent.

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9
Q

The cilia is mainly found at which part of the respiratory tract?

A

upper respiratory tract

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10
Q

Diseases like asthmas and COPD are associated with which part of the respiratory tract?

A

lower respiratory tract

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10
Q

What is the mechanical process of moving air from the environment to the lungs?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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11
Q

During expiration, air moves out of the lungs due to the passive recoil of the lungs and chest. What then keeps the patency of the airway?

A

residual volume

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12
Q

Why do some people feel a shortness of breath when they are full?

A

When a person is full, the diaphragm cannot go down because the stomach is bloated. This causes the feeling of shortness of breath.

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13
Q

What muscle causes the horizontal increase of diameter for breathing?

A

intercostal muscles

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14
Q

What phenomenon is shown when the external intercostals go up and the thorax size increases?

A

handle of a pail phenomenon

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15
Q

What cells make the surfactant needed for alveolar compliance?

A

Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells

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16
Q

What refers to the measurement of “quiet breathing”?

A

Tidal Volume

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17
Q

What is the normal amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 3100ml

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18
Q

What measurement describes the amount of air that can forcibly be exhaled after a normal tidal volume? What’s the normal range?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume - 1500 ml

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19
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

Sum of all volumes (IRV + ERV + TV + RV)

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19
Q

The inspiratory capacity decreases or increases in patients with COPD? How would you measure it?
The inspiratory capacity decreases or increases in patients with COPD? How would you measure it?

A

Decrease, TV + IRV

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20
Q

The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume describes what?

A

Functional Residual Capacity

21
Q

What is the normal range for total lung capacity?

A

5-6L

21
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

22
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

concentration gradient, surface area, barrier thickness and permeability, capillary thickness, solubility, molecular weight

23
Q

What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve when the hemoglobin becomes fully saturated?

A

The top part becomes flat (plateau) due to the negligible amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood at this point.

23
Q

What characteristic of the hemoglobin makes the initial attachment of the first oxygen molecule difficult?

A

The hemoglobin is highly folded

24
Q

What are the factors that affect ventilation?

A
  1. airway resistance
  2. diameter
  3. mechanical factors
  4. alveolar compliance
  5. alveolar elasticity
25
Q

What is the average residual volume (RV) of air?

A

1500 ml

25
Q

What is the average expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

1500 ml

26
Q

How do you compute for the inspiratory capacity?

A

TV + IRV

27
Q

How do you compute for the vital capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV

27
Q

How do you compute for functional residual capacity?

A

RV + ERV

27
Q

How do you compute for total lung capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV + RV

28
Q

What is the average range for total lung capacity?

A

5-6 L

28
Q

What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation?

A

residual volume

28
Q

What is the average amount of residual volume?

A

1500 ml

29
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. surface area
  3. barrier thickness
  4. solubility
  5. molecular weight
29
Q

Oxygen concentration is _______ in the alveoli and _______ in the capillary.

A

higher; lower

29
Q

Is CO2 higher in the capillary and lower in the alveoli?

A

yes

30
Q

Which is more soluble: CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

30
Q

What is the physiological advantages of facilitated O2 saturation (i.e. easier for O2 molecules to attach once 1st molecule binds to RBC)?

A

if O2 falls a bit, there won’t be a steep decrease in oxygenation + it’s easier to get oxygen at this point

31
Q

During exercise, at what state are you in with regards to oxygen dissociation?

A

hypermetabolic/hypercatabolic state

32
Q

A right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates what?

A

Bohr Effect: it’s easier for oxygen to unload

32
Q

What factors would push the dissociation curve to the right?

A

“CADET, face Right!”

Increase of the ff:
C = PCO2
A = Acid (increased H+)
D = 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
E = Exercise
T = Temperature

32
Q

What factors would push the dissociation curve to the left?

A

*same but “Decrease”

Decrease of the ff:
1. temperature
2. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
3. acidity (decreased H+)

33
Q

A left shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicates what?

A

increased affinity for oxygen, making it more difficult for oxygen to get unloaded

34
Q

What enzyme allows carbon dioxide to enter the red blood cell?

A

carbonic anhydase

34
Q

Briefly explain how CO2 enters the RBC.

A
  1. CO2 dissolves in blood
  2. inside RBC, CO2 +H2O interacts (via carbonic anhydrase) = bicarbonate
  3. bicarbonate reacts with hemoglobin = carbon amino compound

Carbamino compounds and bicarbonate aid transportation of CO2 from tissue to lungs

35
Q

What are the functions of gas exchange?

A
  1. Synthesis of substance (e.g. surfactants)
  2. Storage and Release (e.g. prostaglandins, histamine)
  3. Removing substances (e.g. prostaglandins, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, etc.)
  4. Activation of enzymes (Angiotensin 1 → Angiotensin 2)
36
Q

What peptide can cause cough?

A

Bradykinin

37
Q

Is pulmonary circulation high or low resistance?

A

low

37
Q

What is the usual pressure of pulmonary circulation?

A

25/8 mmHg

38
Q

What is the normal pressure gradient from the aorta to the systemic capillary?

A

85-90 mL mercury drop

39
Q

What is the normal pressure for the systemic circulation?

A

120/80 mmHg or 110/80 mmHg

39
Q

What facilitates gas exchange in the airways?

A

alveolar vessels

39
Q

Extra-alveolar vessels are found where?

A

between alveoli

40
Q

What group of neurons are considered the “Switch On” point where passive and involuntary breathing is mediated? (hint: inspiration)

A

Dorsal Respiratory group

40
Q

What is the “Switch off” point for breathing?

A

pneumotaxic center

40
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic center located?

A

in the nucleus parabrachialis
of the upper pons

41
Q

What group of neurons is responsible for active inspiration and expiration? It is known to be the “back up”

A

Ventral respiratory group

42
Q

Where are central sensors located?

A

medulla

43
Q

Does H+ affect the work of breathing done by the central sensors?

A

no. H+ can’t cross blood brain barrier

44
Q

Activities that occur in response to chemoreceptors (Acidity, alkalinity, etc.) is processed where?

A

medulla

45
Q

What are the 2 parts of peripheral receptors?

A

carotid body and aortic body

46
Q

What does the peripheral receptors detect?

A

decrease in arterial oxygen & hypoxemia

47
Q

What part of the brain controls volitional inspiration and expiration?

A

cerebrum

48
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing affected by emotions?

A

caudate nucleus

49
Q

What is a high AA indicative of?

A

dysfunction in the respiratory system

50
Q

What are the 4 types of respiratory failures?

A
  1. hypoxemic respiratory failure
  2. hypercapnic respiratory failure
  3. peri-operative respiratory failure (happens because of surgery)
  4. shock with hypoperfusion
51
Q

What types of respiratory failure is displayed in these conditions:

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, lung hemorrhage, chest trauma

A

hypoxemic respiratory failure (air space flooding)

52
Q

What types of respiratory failure is displayed in these conditions:

neurologic, pulmonary fibrosis, kyphoscoliosis

A

Hypercapnic Respiratory failure (increased dead space + decreased CNS drive)

53
Q

What types of respiratory failure is displayed in these conditions:

hypoperfusion, cardiogenic, septic

A

shock with hypoperfusion

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