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i love my life > Neurophysiology 2: Mental Control, Sensory System, Higher Cortical Functions > Flashcards

Neurophysiology 2: Mental Control, Sensory System, Higher Cortical Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of memory?

A
  1. short-term
  2. long term
  3. working memory
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2
Q

Where are short term memories stored at?

A

Hippocampus

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

A

Explicit and Implicit

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4
Q

What are explicit long term memories?

A

you need to think to retrieve information

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5
Q

What are implicit long term memories?

A

you don’t need to think to retrieve information

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6
Q

What are the 2 kinds of explicit memory? Where are they processed?

A
  1. Semantic: Facts
  2. Episodic: Events
  • medial temporal lobe
  • hippocampus
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7
Q

What are the 4 kinds of implicit memory?

A
  1. priming:
    • exposure to a stimulus influences response to a subsequent stimulus unconsciously
  2. procedural:
    • “knowing how” to do something
  3. associative:
    • connection is made between 2 stimuli or between a stimuli and behavior
  4. non-associative:
    • doesn’t require assoc. between 2 stimuli
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8
Q

What is the general flow of memory?

A
  1. central executive
    • prefrontal cortex
  2. short-term
    • hippocampus
  3. long-term
    • neocortex
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9
Q

Where is long term memory formed?

A

neocortex

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of amnesia?

A
  1. Retrograde: loss of memory before concussion
  2. Anterograde: loss of memory after concussion (cannot form new memory)
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11
Q

What are changes in the synapse called?

A

plasticity

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12
Q

The number of neurons of a person cannot be changed, how then do people become smarter?

A

neurons form connections w/ each other. It can be strengthened or weakened

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13
Q

What are the forms of plastic change?

A
  1. post-tetanic potentiation
  2. Habituation
  3. Sensitization
  4. Long Term Potentiation
  5. Long Term Depression
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14
Q

What is the phenomenon where there is a temporary increase in synaptic strength following a high-frequency burst of action potentials, in which postsynaptic potential increases via the accumulation of calcium?

A

posttetanic potentiation

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15
Q

What is a non-associative form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeated many times?

A

Habituation

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16
Q

What is sensitization?

A
  • form of non-associative learning
  • organism becomes more responsive to a stimulus after being exposed to a strong or noxious stimulus
  • increased responsiveness.
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17
Q

Where does calcium accumulate in long-term potentiation?

A

post-synaptic neuron

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18
Q

Where does calcium accumulate at posttetanic potentiation?

A

pre-synaptic neuron

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19
Q

In long term depression, where does learning occur?

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

What is long term depression characterized by?

A
  • reduction in efficiency of synaptic transmission
  • synaptic connections are weakened/eliminated
  • removing old/irrelevant information
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21
Q

Where does memory transfer occur?

A

anterior portion of the corpus callosum

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22
Q

What are the structures involved in memory?

A
  • Hippocampus and Parahippocampus around Medial Temporal Lobe
  • HC, diencephalon and thalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Neocortex
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23
Q

Conditioned reflexes pass through which structures to be transferred to contralateral side?

A
  1. optic chiasm
  2. posterior and anterior commissure
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24
Q

What happens during the bilateral destruction of the ventral hippocampus?

A

Short-term memory defects

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25
Q

Removing the medial temporal lobe is a common intervention for people with epilepsy, why?

A
  1. Medial temporal lobe is the common site for seizures
  2. dominant side is spared as this is associated with memory
26
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for encoding emotionally charged memories?

27
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for the production of speech?

A

Broca’s area

28
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for the understanding of speech?

A

Wernicke’s Area

29
Q

What is agnosia?

A

can’t understand meaning

30
Q

What is apraxia?

A

can’t execute voluntary motor functions despite intact motor, sensory, and mental status pathways.

31
Q

What is Agraphesthesia?

A

inability to recognize letter/numbers traced on skin. Impairment in tactile perception + somatosensory processing

31
Q

What is aphasia?

A

can’t understand or express words despite pathways to receive and express language is intact

32
Q

Give 7 diseases related to agnosia.

A
  1. Agraphesthesia
  2. Prosopagnosia
  3. Asomatognosia
  4. Left Side Hemispatial Inattention
  5. Anosognosia
  6. Inattention to double simultaneous cutaneous stimuli
  7. Gertsmann
33
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

inability to recognize faces. located at inferomedial temporo-occipital region

34
Q

A patient comes in with a lesion of the right parietal lobe. What test can be done to determine what kind of agnosia he acquired?

A

Draw a clock.

Px likely has left side hemispatial inattention.

35
Q

You ask your patient to point to their right index finger. However, they point at the left thumb. Which part of the brain is damaged and what kind of agnosia does he have?

A

Left Angular Gyrus. Asomatognosia.

36
Q

Finger agnosia is commonly seen in what syndrome?

A

Gertsmann Syndrome

37
Q

Give 5 kinds of apraxia.

A
  1. face tongue apraxia
  2. ideomotor apraxia (language dom. hemisphere)
  3. Constructional Apraxia
  4. Dressing Apraxia
  5. Gait Apraxia
38
Q

What are the 4 levels of disturbed speech production?

A
  1. Dysphonia - larynx
  2. Dysarthria - articulating sounds
  3. Dysprosody - can’t control volume/melody of speech
  4. Dysphasia - cortex
38
Q

What is the BA 22?

A

Wernicke’s

39
Q

What are the 2 types of aphasia?

A
  1. Receptive (sensory aphasia)
  2. Expressive (motor aphasia)
39
Q

What is BA 39?

A

Angular gyrus

40
Q

What is BA 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

41
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for speaking?

A

Broca’s area

41
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for reading or figures of words?

A

angular gyrus

42
Q

What connects the Wernicke’s to Broca’s?

A

Posterior parasylvian

43
Q

A patient can understand what people are saying and even form responses in their brain, however unable to communicate it. Which region of the brain is likely damaged?

A

posterior parasylvian

44
Q

What part of the brain is responsible to converting figures into words?

A

angular gyrus

45
Q

A patient comes in talkative however cannot understand. What kind of aphasia does he have?

A

Wernicke’s

46
Q

A patient comes in with good speech and understanding, however cannot repeat. What kind of aphasia does he have?

A

Conduction

47
Q

A patient comes in with damage at the entire parasylvian area. What kind of aphasia does he have and what symptomps should you expect?

A

can’t talk, understand, or repeat

48
Q

Classify the somatosensory system by order.

A
  1. central
  2. peripheral
49
Q

What makes up the peripheral sensory nervous system?

A
  • Sensory receptor
  • Sensory axon
  • Spinal nerve
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Dorsal root
50
Q

What fibers sense pain and temperature?

A

A-delta & C fibers (small fiber)

51
Q

What fibers sense vibration and position sense?

A

A-alpha & A-beta fiber (large fiber)

52
Q

In the CNS sensory system, what tract is responsible for pain and temperature?

A

spinothalamic tract

53
Q

Where does the dorsal column tract decussate?

53
Q

In the CNS sensory system, what tract is responsible for vibration and position sense?

A

dorsal column tract

54
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?

A

spinal cord

55
Q

The left thumb feels pain. Where is its associated spinothalamic tract at?

A

contralateral (i.e. right) side of spinal cord

56
Q

My right arm is feeling vibrations. Where is its associated dorsal column tract located?

A

Ipsilateral (right) side of medulla.

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