Endocrine System Flashcards
What do A cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
glucagon
What do B cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
insulin
What do D cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
somatostatin
What do F cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
pancreatic polypeptide
Which kind of cell is most abundant in the Islet of Langerhans?
Insulin-secreting B cells
Insulin is secreted when ___________.
nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are abundant
Insulin promotes what?
Storage of glucose as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle + fat in adipose
In general, insulin stimulates all processes for storage and inhibits all processes that ________ chemicals.
break down
No matter how high the extracellular glucose is, it will ___________ the cell if insulin is absent.
not enter
What is the major stimuli for insulin secretion?
glucose
What is also known as the “hyperglycemic hormone”?
glucagon
What is the function of glucagon?
opposes effects of insulin
What happens to the levels of glucagon when glucose levels decline?
increases glucagon
Insulin keeps blood sugar levels _______; and glucagon keeps blood sugar levels ______.
low; high
What are the two kinds of adrenal glands?
- outer yellowish cortex
- dark inner medulla
Which of the two adrenal glands is steroid secretinh?
outer yellowish cortex
Which of the 2 adrenal glands is controlled by the anterior pituitary gland?
outer yellowish cortex
What does the dark inner medulla adrenal gland secrete?
catecholamine
Which of the 2 adrenal gland is neuroectoderm?
dark inner medulla
What are the 3 layers of the outer yellowish cortex adrenal gland?
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasiculata
- zona reticularis (innermost)
What does the zona reticularis of the outer yellowish cortex (adrenal gland) produce?
androgens
What cells of the dark inner medulla (adrenal gland) produces catecholamines?
chromaffin cells
What is he main mineralocorticoid of the body? (hint: mineralocorticoid’s function is maintaining fluid balance)
aldosterone
What is the main glucocorticoid of the body? (hint: glucocorticoid is mainly for metabolism, immune and stress response)
cortisol
The zona glomerulosa is under the control of which system?
renin-angiotensin system
Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis are under the control of which hormone?
ACTH from the anterior pituitary
The adrenal medulla produces what kinds of hormone?
stress hormone
What is the pre-curser and backbone of steroid hormones?
cholesterol
A higher concentration of ACTH = _________ glucocorticoid secretion rate.
higher
For muscles, what is the effect of cortisol?
promotes the release of amino acids for glucogenesis (glucose for stress)
What is the effect of cortisol on bones?
stimulates osteichthyes to degrade bone cell growth
What is the effect of the absence of cortisol in CVS function?
norepinephrine and epinephrine can’t vasoconstrict
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by preganglionic fibers via what?
splanchnic nerves
