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i love my life > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two circuits that make up the circulatory system?

A

Systemic and Pulmonary Circuits

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2
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right

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3
Q

Which side of the heart pumps out oxygenated blood into the systemic circuit?

A

Left

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4
Q

What are the 3 major kinds of blood vessels?

A

Artery, Capillaries, Veins

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of the artery?

A

Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia

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6
Q

What is the innermost layer of the artery?

A

Tunica Intima

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7
Q

Which layer of the artery is mainly composed of smooth muscle fiber and elastic fiber?

A

Tunica Media

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8
Q

What layer of the artery is made of fibrous tissue (collagen and elastic fiber) and surrounds the artery?

A

Tunica Adventitia

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9
Q

What are the three types of arteries according to structure?

A

elastic, muscular, resistance

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10
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries?

A

Conductive: conducts blood from the heart to the smaller arteries.

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11
Q

What is the unique feature of the elastic artery?

A

The tunica media is made mostly of elastic fibers.

The elasticity creates “pressure” and aids in accepting large volumes of blood.

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12
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

Distributive: responsible for delivering blood to specific organs and tissues

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13
Q

What kind of arteries are the aorta and pulmonary artery?

A

elastic artery

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14
Q

What is the unique feature of the muscular artery?

A

Tunica media is made mostly of muscular fibers.

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15
Q

What kind of arteries are the radio-ulnar and hepatic artery?

A

muscular artery

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16
Q

What is the function of resistance arteries?

A

Regulatory: constrict or dilate to control blood pressure

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17
Q

What is the unique feature of resistance arteries?

A

barely contains elastic fibers

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18
Q

Which artery sustains chronic (tonic) contraction of the muscles?

A

arterioles

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19
Q

Which artery dissipates pressure directly after a cardiac contraction?

A

elastic artery

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20
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

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21
Q

What is diameter of capillaries?

A

5-8 μm

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22
Q

What do you call the first branches that come out of the arteriole system?

A

terminal arterioles

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23
Q

What do you call the arterioles located at the end of terminal arterioles?

A

Meta-arterioles

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24
Q

What is the mechanism and function of meta-arterioles?

A

They have a
sphincter-like
mechanism that
allows their closure to
prevent blood from
going into a particular
segment of the
capillary bed

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25
Q

What is the major connection between the arterioles and venules?

A

Thoroughfare/Shunt

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26
Q

What blood vessel experiences the greatest pressure drop from the arterial system going into the capillary network?

A

arterioles/resistance vessels

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27
Q

What blood vessel is responsible for microcirculation?

A

capillaries

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28
Q

The capillaries’ tunica media and tunica adventitia is very thin. T/F?

A

F. There is no tunica media or adventitia. It has ENDOTHELIAL layer ONLY.

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29
Q

What system brings back post-metabolic blood to the heart to exchange nutrients?

A

veins/venules

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30
Q

Veins are also known as _________ vessels.

A

capacitance vessels

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31
Q

At any given time, blood is stored in the ________.

A

veins

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32
Q

How much blood volume (%) is at the veins at any given time?

A

64%

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33
Q

The veins have a large amount of adventitial layer, why?

A

to prevent collapse

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34
Q

What primarily retains the shape of veins?

A

blood

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35
Q

What are the layers found in veins?

A

endothelial, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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36
Q

What are the drivers of venous flow?

A

vein valves, calf pump, respiratory pump

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37
Q

What is the function of vein valves?

A

prevents backflow and helps with volatile nature of blood (e.g. gravity pushing blood down, pressure changes, sluggish forward movement)

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38
Q

Briefly explain the calf pump.

A

calf muscles squeeze causing the veins to constrict.

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39
Q

When the calf muscles are contracted, will the vein valves be closed or open?

A

open

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40
Q

When the calf muscles are relaxed, is the vein valves closed or open?

A

closed. prevents backflow

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41
Q

How does the respiratory pump work?

A

Every time the chest expands, it causes a decrease in INTRATORACIC pressure. This serves as a suction causing the blood from legs to go up (to abdominal and thoracic cavity)

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41
Q

Who discovered the closed loop circulation?

A

William Harvey

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42
Q

Who described the viscosity and mechanisms of blood flow?

A

Newton

43
Q

What did Hales contribute in the understanding of the circulatory system?

A

blood pressure and windkessel (tool to measure blood pressure non-invasively)

44
Q

Who combined the relationship of flow, pressure, fluid viscosity, and tube dimensions into one equation?

A

Poiseuille

45
Q

According to Poiseuille’s law, what are the beneficial factors that aid flow?

A

Pressure difference & diameter of tube (directly proportional to flow)

45
Q

What factors are indirectly proportional to flow? (hint: resistance factors)

A

viscosity of fluid & length of tube (indirectly proportional to flow)

46
Q

What kind of flow does the circulatory system have?

A

pulsatile flow

47
Q

Why does the circulatory system have pulsatile flow?

A

due to systolic and diastolic phases of the heart

48
Q

What does “systolic” mean?

A

heart contraction

48
Q

What does “diastolic” mean?

A

heart relaxation

49
Q

What causes the forward flow of blood?

A

recoil of elastic arteries of aorta and first branches

50
Q

Describe the slope between the pressure difference of the arterial system coming from the heart to the entrance of the capillaries.

A

steep downward slope (more flow)

50
Q

What causes the pressure to dissipate at the entrance to the capillaries?

A

parallel circuits, multiple branching, pressure loss due to turbulent flow

50
Q

What kind of flow does the capillary microcirculation have?

A

non-pulsatile flow

50
Q

What prevents the transmission of systole onto the capillary bed?

A

arterioles

50
Q

Is the pressure high or low at the entry of the capillary beds?

A

low pressure

51
Q

What pat of the capillary bed experiences a rapid drop in pressure?

A

arteriolar bed

51
Q

Is the venous system pulsatile or non-pulsatile?

A

non-pulsatile

51
Q

The slope between P1 to P2 in the venous system is ______ steep.

A

Not. This means flow is sluggish

51
Q

What is the flow of the venous system?

A

non pulsatile + phasic flow (related to breathing)

51
Q

What happens in the case of venous congestion?

A

not enough blood flow to the heart, + venous system keeps on dilating

52
Q

Which of the two has lower pressure in the venous system: P1 or P2?

A

P2

52
Q

When nervous impulses to the vein decrease, it will result in a dilated vein, and therefore increased blood storage in the venous system. What condition will occur?

A

neurogenic shock

53
Q

What are the side-effects of venous hypertension and congestion and how does it manifest?

A

promotes a cycle of venous inflammation = damage of venous endothelial walls and venous valves = more venous dilation

54
Q

What are the 2 categories in which we can categorize the distribution of fluids (i.e. fluid compartments)?

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)

55
Q

What is the normal amount of ICF (% and L)?

A

40% of body weight (24L)

55
Q

What is the average cardiac output during heavy exercise?

A

25L/min

55
Q

What is the average cardiac output at rest?

A

5L/min

55
Q

How much blood (%) does the muscle receive during heavy exercise?

A

80-85%

55
Q

How much blood (%) does the muscle receive at rest?

A

15-20%

56
Q

Which organ(s) receive the highest amount of blood at rest?

A

Gastrointestinal/Digestive Tract (20-25%)

56
Q

What factor has the greatest the effect on blood flow?

A

radius of blood vessel

57
Q

What is the decrease in lumen size, causing less blood towards the organ?

A

Vasoconstriction

57
Q

Give 4 common vasoconstrictors.

A
  1. norepinephrine/epinephrine
  2. Angiotensin II
  3. Vasopressin
  4. Sympathetic stimulation
57
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

increase in lumen size + more blood towards the organ

57
Q

Give 4 common vasodilators.

A
  1. Nitric Acid
  2. Endothelin
  3. Serotonin
  4. Parasympathetic
57
Q

What stimulates the muscle fibers of the blood vessels to contract and cause vasoconstriction?

A

firing rate of sympathetic nerve fibers

57
Q

What happens when there is a slowing of firing rate of the sympathetic nerve fibers?

A

less stimulation of the muscle fibers = vasodilation

58
Q

Neural control of blood happens via what?

A

reflex arc + feedback loop

59
Q

Briefly describe the neural control for circulation (list steps).

A

Carotid viral receptors and
chemoreceptors → medulla → paraganglionic
fibers → cardiovascular organs.

59
Q

What can a hemorrhage result to besides the loss of blood?

A

decrease in arterial pressure

60
Q

What receptor detects the decrease in arterial pressure?

A

baroreceptor at the carotid and aortic arch

61
Q

What system acts as a hormonal response to controlling the flow of blood?

A

renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system

61
Q

What organ produces renin?

A

kidneys

61
Q

What organ secretes angiotensinogen?

A

liver

62
Q

What triggers the release of angiotensin I?

A

renin acts enzymatically on angiotensinogen

63
Q

A few seconds to minutes after formation of
angiotensin I, angiotensin II splits off from it. T/F?

A

T

64
Q

What does angiotensin II affect?

A
  1. kidneys: increases retention of sodium and water
  2. brain: stimulates it to release antidiuretic hormones + increase thirst response
  3. adrenals: increase aldosterone production (preserves sodium)
  4. blood vessels: cause vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure)
65
Q

What gland releases catecholamines?

A

adrenal gland

66
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines?

A
  1. heart: increases heart rate and heart contractility
  2. liver: converts glycogen to glucose
  3. digestive system: decrease activity
  4. bronchioles: dilation > lungs take in more oxygen
  5. arteries and veins: cause vasoconstriction
66
Q

What is the net effect of catecholamines?

A

vasoconstriction

66
Q

What triggers the local autoregulatory response?

A

changes in blood pressure

67
Q

The local autoregulatory response mainly acts at the capillary level. T/F?

A

T

67
Q

Vasodilation or vasoconstriction only happens at a certain segment of the capillary bed. T/F?

A

F. It can happen at the whole capillary bed too.

67
Q

The brain blood flow is controlled by what?

A

carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion

68
Q

What theory states the idea that as arterial pressure is decreased, oxygen and nutrient delivery is also decreased, resulting in the release of local vasodilators (adenosine, CO2, Lactic Acid, etc.)?

A

Metabolic theory

69
Q

Adenosine, CO2, Lactic Acid, ADP compounds, Histamine. K+ ions, H+ ions, Prostacyclin, Bradykinin, and Nitrous oxide (NO) are products of what?

A

metabolism

70
Q

What is the myogenic theory?

A

Myogenic regulation is intrinsic to the vascular smooth muscle. As arterial pressure falls, the arterioles have an intrinsic property to dilate in response to the decrease in wall tension.

71
Q

According to the myogenic theory, an increase in systemic arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to ___________.

A

contract/constrict

72
Q

According to the myogenic theory, a decrease in systemic arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to ___________.

A

dilate (there isn’t much force to cause the muscle to stretch)

73
Q

The Neural/Baroreceptor Reflex increases ___________ outflow.

A

sympathetic

74
Q

Hormonal (RAAS) increases
__________.

A

angiotensin II

75
Q

The Local Autoregulatory Response (capillaries) decreases _________ pressure.

A

capillary

75
Q
A
76
Q
A

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