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i love my life > Glomerular Filtration Rate & Tubular Function > Flashcards

Glomerular Filtration Rate & Tubular Function Flashcards

1
Q

The nephron is composed of what main structures?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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2
Q

The renal corpuscle is composed of what?

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

The renal tubule is composed of what?

A

Loop of Henle; Distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubules

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4
Q

What are the different vessels of the nephron?

A

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

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5
Q

What is the capillary network in which large amount of fluid is filtered from blood? This will be collected in a capsular space before flowing to renal/urinary tubule.

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

At the tubes of the nephron, filtered fluid will eventually be converted to urine. What are the 5 tubes?

A

Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tubes, loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubules, connecting tubule

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7
Q

By order after the glomerulus, enumerate parts of the tubule.

A
  1. Bowman’s capsule
  2. Proximal convoluted tubules
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubules
  5. Collecting tubule
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8
Q

What is the difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubule?

A

proximal = has microvilli and mitochondria
distal = no microvilli (because function is more on reabsorption)

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9
Q

What are the 2 cell types found at the collecting tubules?

A

intercalated cells & principal cells

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10
Q

What is the function of intercalated cells?

A

has microvilli + maintains the acid-base balance of the body

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11
Q

What is the function of principal cells?

A

no microvilli + maintains the water-salt balance of the body

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12
Q

What are the 2 capillary beds of the nephron?

A

glomerulus + peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

What are the low-pressure and porous capillaries adapted for absorption that arises from arterioles and adheres adjacent to the renal tubules?

A

peritubular beds

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephron (85%) & juxtamedullary nephrons (15%)

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15
Q

What is the main difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

cortical = short loops of Henle
juxtamedullary = long loops of Henle (more abundant in camels for reabsorption)

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16
Q

Afferent and efferent offer ___________ resistance to blood flow.

A

high

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17
Q

What are the benefits of a high pressure vascular bed?

A

good for filtration

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18
Q

What are the benefits of a low pressure vascular bed?

A

good for reabsorption

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19
Q

When afferent arterioles constrict because of sympathetic stimulation, the pressure of the glomerular capillary (PGC) decreases. What is the impaction to the GFR?

A

decreases

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20
Q

What happens when the efferent arteriole constricts? What happens to the GFR?

A

fluid can’t go out. GFR increases

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21
Q

Why can’t NSAIDs be given in certain situations (hint: related to the arterioles)?

A

NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin which keeps afferent arterioles dilated. Taking them would lead to the arterioles to constrict and worsen kidney function.

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22
Q

Severe constriction at the efferent arteriole leads to what?

A

lower GFR

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22
Q

What are the 3 cells found at the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, Macula densa, Mesangial cells

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23
Q

What cell contains renin and acts as mechanoreceptors?

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells

24
Q

What is the function of macula densa?

A

functions as chemoreceptors/osmoreceptors + produce signals to promote renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells

25
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A

has phagocytic and contractile properties + influences capillary filtration

(note: can influence blood flow of glomerular capillaries + provide structure support)

26
Q

What is the normal GFR at the first step of urine formation (glomerular filtration)?

27
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

rate of production of filtrate at the glomeruli from plasma

27
Q

99% of filtrate is reabsorbed, how much urine is normally excreted in a day?

28
Q

What is the filer that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule?

A

filtration membrane

29
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
  2. visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule
  3. basement membrane composed of fused laminae of other layers
30
Q

What are the factors that control the passage of molecules through the glomerular membrane?

A

negative charge + size

31
Q

What is the force responsible for the passage of filtrate through the glomerular membrane?

A

Starling’s forces

32
Q

The net filtration pressure (NFP) is the sum of q

A
  1. pGC - hydrostatic pressure at glomerulus (promote)
  2. pBS - hydrostatic pressure at Bowman’s capsule (oppose)
  3. colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular plasma protein (oppose)
  4. colloid osmotic pressure of Bowman’s proteins (promote) = 0mmHg

GFR = Kf [(pGC + BS) - (pBS + GC)

33
Q

Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure _____ GFR.

34
Q

Increased colloid osmotic pressure ________ GFR.

35
Q

In urinary obstructions, Pb increases/decreases GFR? (e.g. stones, tumors)

36
Q

How do you compute for the filtration fraction?

A

GFR/RPF

note: RPF = renal plasma flow

37
Q

What innervates the kidney?

A

renal artery

38
Q

What are the steps to renal filtration (glomerular capillaries to renal tubules)?

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
  4. excretion
39
Q

At what stage of urine filtration does useful solutes from the filtrate return to the blood?

A

tubular reabsorption

40
Q

At what stage of urine filtration does additional wastes from the blood added to the filtrate?

A

tubular secretion

41
Q

At what stage of urine formation is water removed from the urine and returned to the blood (hint: concentration)?

A

water conservation

42
Q

Tubular reabsorption is carried by what to the venous system?

A

peri-tubular capillaries

43
Q

What is the volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute? (give average)

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (average =125 ml/min)

44
Q

What is the average GFR per day?

A

180L per/day

45
Q

If the GFR is too high, what happends?

A

fluid flows through tubules too quickly to be absorbed. causes dehydration and electrolyte depletion

46
Q

If the GFR is too low, what happends?

A

fluid flows through tubules too slow = tubules reabsorb wastes that should’ve been eliminated.

can lead to azotemia

47
Q

What factors at the capillary bed govern the filtration rate?

A

Total surface area for filtration (DP), Filtration membrane permeability (DP), Net filtration rated (DP)

48
Q

What polymer of fructose is the best marker in measuring GFR in RESEARCH?

49
Q

CLINICALLY, what is the best marker in measuring GFR?

50
Q

Autoregulation of the kidney is achieved by which 2 major mechanisms?

A

myogenic auto-regulation and tubulo-glomerular feedback

51
Q

GFR and renal plasma flow is almost always _________.

52
Q

The macula densa is sensitive to what?

53
Q

What hormones cause renal vasoconstrictions and net result of a decrease in RBF and GFR?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II

54
Q

During fight or flight, blood is _____ away from the kidney.

55
Q

What are factors that increase GFR and RBF?

A

high protein diet, hyperglycemia, fever

56
Q

What factor decreases RBF?

A

Angiotensin II

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