Blood Physiology Flashcards
The lowest RBC number is normally found in what demographic?
adult female
What forms/makes the gamma globulins?
liver & plasma cells
What is the plasma protein with the highest concentration & lowest molecular weight?
albumin
Erythrocytes have a higher concentration of potassium and plasma. T/F?
T
What vitamin is needed for the nuclear maturation and cell division for RBCs?
Vitamin B-12 & Folic Acid
What protein regulates blood volume and plasma viscosity?
plasma proteins
What contributes to the effective osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumin
The blood is composed of how many percent plasma and how many percent cells?
60% plasma; 40% cells
What does the A/G ration clinically detect?
liver disease
What happens to the synthesis and release of erythropoietin of a person living in high altitude?
increases because the partial pressure of oxygen is less
What hormone increases the rate of production of RBC as a response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissue?
erythropoietin
What is the average number of red blood cells in newly born infants?
7 million/cubic ml
Hb does not react with carbon monoxide to form carboxyl hemoglobin (HbCO). T/F?
F
What plasma protein is responsible for the defensive function of the blood?
Globulins
What is the normal amount for albumin?
40-48g/L
What is the function of the protein fibrinogen?
Blood coagulation. “Cements” the blood during clotting
The high number of RBC in newly born infants is due to what?
intra-uterine oxygen lacks
What happens to the Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio during kidney diseases?
decreases
Why does the stomach play an important role in erythropoiesis?
it helps absorb Vit-B12 and iron
What is the functional process that neutrophils and monocytes carry out?
phagocytosis
Hematopoiesis refers to what?
blood cell production
Which blood cell secretes antibodies?
B-lymphocyte
Which antibody is at the highest percentage in a newborn?
IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
Acquired immunity is due to which lymphocyte?
B and T lymphocytes
Which cell has granules that contain myeloperoxidase enzymes?
neutrophil
What lymphocyte is responsible for specific humoral mediated immunity?
B-lymphocytes
Which is a macrophage: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
monocytes
What lymphocyte is responsible for specific cell mediated immunity?
T-lymphocyte
What lymphocyte differentiates into plasma cells that secrete gamma globulin or antibodies?
B-lymphocyte
What cell produces immunoglobulins?
plasma cells
What cell is at work when there is a rejection of transplanted tissue?
T-lymphocyte
What is the final reaction in the formation of blood clot?
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Vasoconstriction of injured blood vessels occur due to what?
local vasoconstrictive factors released from the platelets
What is the lifespan of platelets?
10 days
What is the lifespan of RBC?
120 days
What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
7h
What results from the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?
Blood coagulation
White blood cells can detect the chemicals released by bacteria and viruses. What process takes place?
Chemotaxis
What does the Rh (-/+ in blood type) factor refer to?
a protein found at the surface of a RBC
What is the antigen that is present in 85% of the people and absent in 15% of the people?
Rh factor
A person with a blood type O is a universal donor. T/F?
T
Why is blood type O considered a universal donor?
Because their RBCs don’t contain either antigen A or B.
Describe the RBC of a woman who has a blood type O Rh negative.
has neither antigen A, B, or antibody D on RBC. “universal donor”
Describe the RBC of a person who has type O+ blood.
has no antigens but produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies (i.e. Antigen D). It can donate to A+, B+, and AB+
Why do people with amputated limbs have an impairment in the production of RBCs?
because blood is made in the bone marrow (flat bones)
Why is wound healing difficult for people with diabetes?
sugar coats the RBC and thus it cannot “fold” to fit in capillaries
What prevents edema?
proteins in the blood
What osmotic pressure?
Ability of a liquid to attract and retain water
What is the normal interval of blood pH level?
7.35-7.45
Describe the ontogeny of hematopoiesis.
Prenatal stage:
1st Month = yolk sac
3rd Month = liver
4th Month = bone marrow
Postnatal Stage:
Bone marrow
Briefly describe the stages of hematopoiesis.
Stage 1: hematopoietic stem cells - pluripotent uncommitted stem cells
Stage 2: committed progenitor cells (pre-curser) - stem cell
commits to becoming a specific type of cell
Stage 3: mature cells
Erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and T-lymphocytes are at what stage in hemopoiesis?
Stage 3
What is the pre-curser of platelets?
Megakaryocytic Progenitor Cells
Granulocytic progenitor cells eventually differentiate into what?
Granulocytes and monocytes
What is the shape of the RBC?
circular and biconcave discs (w/o nuclei)
What is the hematocrit of adult females?
37-47%
What is the hematocrit of adult females?
37-47%
What is the hematocrit of adult males?
40-54%
What is the hematocrit of adult males?
40-54%
What cell is stable in suspension? Why?
Erythrocytes. There is a repelling force of the same charge and bigger surface area.
What cell is stable in suspension? Why?
Erythrocytes. There is a repelling force of the same charge and bigger surface area.
What materials are needed for Hb formation?
Protein and Iron
What happens when there is a lack of folic acid and Vit-B12?
It gives rise to immature cells due to DNA synthesis derangement
What cell recognizes and kills cancer and produces CSF?
Monocytes
What is the function of eosinophils?
Inhibit allergic reactions induced by basophils by engulfing substances secreted by basophils
What is the function of basophils?
Secrete heparin blood to prevent coagulation + induce allergy
Thrombocytopenia might lead to what in extreme cases?
Hemorrhage. Bone marrow doesn’t produce enough platelets to clot blood (hint: -penia = lack/deficiency)
Thrombocytopenia might lead to what in extreme cases?
Hemorrhage
Thrombocytosis in extreme cases lead to what?
Thrombosis (physical manifestations inc. varicose veins)
What os the Bernard-Soulier Syndrome?
Deficiency of glycoprotein Ib/IX
What induces the activation of platelets?
Thrombin
What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?
Primary Hemostasis = platelet clot formation
Secondary Hemostasis = solidify platelet clot by interlacing with fibrin
What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?
Primary Hemostasis = platelet clot formation
Secondary Hemostasis = solidify platelet clot by interlacing with fibrin
Give an example of a platelet adhesion disorder.
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Give an example of a platelet adhesion disorder.
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Give an example of a platelet aggregation disorder.
Glanzmann-Thrombasthenia
Give an example of a platelet aggregation disorder.
Glanzmann-Thrombasthenia
Acquired platelet function disorders arise from what?
The use of drugs like aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen)
What blood group has both A & B antibodies in blood plasma?
Blood type O
What blood group has both A & B antibodies in blood plasma?
Blood type O
What blood group has no Aor B antibodies in their blood plasma?
AB
What is the antibody of the Rh antigen?
IgG
