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i love my life > Blood Physiology > Flashcards

Blood Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The lowest RBC number is normally found in what demographic?

A

adult female

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2
Q

What forms/makes the gamma globulins?

A

liver & plasma cells

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3
Q

What is the plasma protein with the highest concentration & lowest molecular weight?

A

albumin

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4
Q

Erythrocytes have a higher concentration of potassium and plasma. T/F?

A

T

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5
Q

What vitamin is needed for the nuclear maturation and cell division for RBCs?

A

Vitamin B-12 & Folic Acid

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6
Q

What protein regulates blood volume and plasma viscosity?

A

plasma proteins

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7
Q

What contributes to the effective osmotic pressure of plasma?

A

albumin

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8
Q

The blood is composed of how many percent plasma and how many percent cells?

A

60% plasma; 40% cells

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9
Q

What does the A/G ration clinically detect?

A

liver disease

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10
Q

What happens to the synthesis and release of erythropoietin of a person living in high altitude?

A

increases because the partial pressure of oxygen is less

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11
Q

What hormone increases the rate of production of RBC as a response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissue?

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

What is the average number of red blood cells in newly born infants?

A

7 million/cubic ml

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13
Q

Hb does not react with carbon monoxide to form carboxyl hemoglobin (HbCO). T/F?

A

F

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14
Q

What plasma protein is responsible for the defensive function of the blood?

A

Globulins

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15
Q

What is the normal amount for albumin?

A

40-48g/L

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16
Q

What is the function of the protein fibrinogen?

A

Blood coagulation. “Cements” the blood during clotting

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17
Q

The high number of RBC in newly born infants is due to what?

A

intra-uterine oxygen lacks

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18
Q

What happens to the Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio during kidney diseases?

A

decreases

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19
Q

Why does the stomach play an important role in erythropoiesis?

A

it helps absorb Vit-B12 and iron

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20
Q

What is the functional process that neutrophils and monocytes carry out?

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

Hematopoiesis refers to what?

A

blood cell production

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22
Q

Which blood cell secretes antibodies?

A

B-lymphocyte

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23
Q

Which antibody is at the highest percentage in a newborn?

A

IgG (Immunoglobulin G)

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24
Q

Acquired immunity is due to which lymphocyte?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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25
Q

Which cell has granules that contain myeloperoxidase enzymes?

A

neutrophil

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26
Q

What lymphocyte is responsible for specific humoral mediated immunity?

A

B-lymphocytes

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27
Q

Which is a macrophage: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

A

monocytes

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28
Q

What lymphocyte is responsible for specific cell mediated immunity?

A

T-lymphocyte

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29
Q

What lymphocyte differentiates into plasma cells that secrete gamma globulin or antibodies?

A

B-lymphocyte

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30
Q

What cell produces immunoglobulins?

A

plasma cells

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31
Q

What cell is at work when there is a rejection of transplanted tissue?

A

T-lymphocyte

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32
Q

What is the final reaction in the formation of blood clot?

A

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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33
Q

Vasoconstriction of injured blood vessels occur due to what?

A

local vasoconstrictive factors released from the platelets

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34
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

10 days

35
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days

36
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

7h

37
Q

What results from the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin?

A

Blood coagulation

38
Q

White blood cells can detect the chemicals released by bacteria and viruses. What process takes place?

A

Chemotaxis

39
Q

What does the Rh (-/+ in blood type) factor refer to?

A

a protein found at the surface of a RBC

40
Q

What is the antigen that is present in 85% of the people and absent in 15% of the people?

A

Rh factor

41
Q

A person with a blood type O is a universal donor. T/F?

A

T

42
Q

Why is blood type O considered a universal donor?

A

Because their RBCs don’t contain either antigen A or B.

43
Q

Describe the RBC of a woman who has a blood type O Rh negative.

A

has neither antigen A, B, or antibody D on RBC. “universal donor”

44
Q

Describe the RBC of a person who has type O+ blood.

A

has no antigens but produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies (i.e. Antigen D). It can donate to A+, B+, and AB+

45
Q

Why do people with amputated limbs have an impairment in the production of RBCs?

A

because blood is made in the bone marrow (flat bones)

46
Q

Why is wound healing difficult for people with diabetes?

A

sugar coats the RBC and thus it cannot “fold” to fit in capillaries

47
Q

What prevents edema?

A

proteins in the blood

48
Q
A
49
Q

What osmotic pressure?

A

Ability of a liquid to attract and retain water

50
Q

What is the normal interval of blood pH level?

A

7.35-7.45

51
Q

Describe the ontogeny of hematopoiesis.

A

Prenatal stage:
1st Month = yolk sac
3rd Month = liver
4th Month = bone marrow

Postnatal Stage:
Bone marrow

52
Q

Briefly describe the stages of hematopoiesis.

A

Stage 1: hematopoietic stem cells - pluripotent uncommitted stem cells
Stage 2: committed progenitor cells (pre-curser) - stem cell
commits to becoming a specific type of cell
Stage 3: mature cells

53
Q

Erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and T-lymphocytes are at what stage in hemopoiesis?

A

Stage 3

54
Q

What is the pre-curser of platelets?

A

Megakaryocytic Progenitor Cells

55
Q

Granulocytic progenitor cells eventually differentiate into what?

A

Granulocytes and monocytes

56
Q

What is the shape of the RBC?

A

circular and biconcave discs (w/o nuclei)

57
Q

What is the hematocrit of adult females?

A

37-47%

58
Q

What is the hematocrit of adult females?

A

37-47%

59
Q

What is the hematocrit of adult males?

A

40-54%

60
Q

What is the hematocrit of adult males?

A

40-54%

61
Q

What cell is stable in suspension? Why?

A

Erythrocytes. There is a repelling force of the same charge and bigger surface area.

62
Q

What cell is stable in suspension? Why?

A

Erythrocytes. There is a repelling force of the same charge and bigger surface area.

63
Q

What materials are needed for Hb formation?

A

Protein and Iron

64
Q

What happens when there is a lack of folic acid and Vit-B12?

A

It gives rise to immature cells due to DNA synthesis derangement

65
Q

What cell recognizes and kills cancer and produces CSF?

A

Monocytes

66
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Inhibit allergic reactions induced by basophils by engulfing substances secreted by basophils

67
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Secrete heparin blood to prevent coagulation + induce allergy

68
Q

Thrombocytopenia might lead to what in extreme cases?

A

Hemorrhage. Bone marrow doesn’t produce enough platelets to clot blood (hint: -penia = lack/deficiency)

69
Q

Thrombocytopenia might lead to what in extreme cases?

A

Hemorrhage

70
Q

Thrombocytosis in extreme cases lead to what?

A

Thrombosis (physical manifestations inc. varicose veins)

71
Q

What os the Bernard-Soulier Syndrome?

A

Deficiency of glycoprotein Ib/IX

72
Q

What induces the activation of platelets?

A

Thrombin

73
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?

A

Primary Hemostasis = platelet clot formation
Secondary Hemostasis = solidify platelet clot by interlacing with fibrin

74
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hemostasis?

A

Primary Hemostasis = platelet clot formation
Secondary Hemostasis = solidify platelet clot by interlacing with fibrin

75
Q

Give an example of a platelet adhesion disorder.

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

76
Q

Give an example of a platelet adhesion disorder.

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

77
Q

Give an example of a platelet aggregation disorder.

A

Glanzmann-Thrombasthenia

78
Q

Give an example of a platelet aggregation disorder.

A

Glanzmann-Thrombasthenia

79
Q

Acquired platelet function disorders arise from what?

A

The use of drugs like aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen)

80
Q

What blood group has both A & B antibodies in blood plasma?

A

Blood type O

81
Q

What blood group has both A & B antibodies in blood plasma?

A

Blood type O

82
Q

What blood group has no Aor B antibodies in their blood plasma?

A

AB

83
Q

What is the antibody of the Rh antigen?

A

IgG

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