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i love my life > Physiology of Exercise > Flashcards

Physiology of Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

How many months of training would illicit the long term effects of exercise?

A

6-12 months

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2
Q

What are anticipatory responses caused by?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

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3
Q

Before exercise, the heart rates starts to quicken. What is shown?

A

anticipatory response

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4
Q

Give 5 acute responses to exercise.

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. increased stroke volume
  3. increased blood pressure
  4. increased respiration rate
  5. increased temperature (red skin, sweating)
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5
Q

Why does heart rate and contraction strength increase during exercise?

A

because the muscles (in particular) need more oxygen

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6
Q

Which arteries are the common site for measuring heart rate?

A

radial (arm); carotid (neck)

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7
Q

What term is used to describe the amount of blood the heart can pump in one beat?

A

stroke volume

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8
Q

When sensory nerve activity from exercising muscles stimulate the respiratory muscles, what mechanism during ventilation is at play?

A

neurogenic mechanism

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9
Q

Humoral mechanism is at play during ventilation. Give examples of humoral factors that influence ventilation.

A

CO2, O2, H+ (affects alveolar ventilation)

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10
Q

By how much times can ventilation increase by during rigorous exercise?

A

20 fold

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11
Q

CO2 pressure, O2 pressure, and pH increases during exercise. T/F

A

F. These remain constant during exercise.

Exercise-enhanced breathing is not prompted by increases in these factors.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main factors that increase rate of respiration during exercise?

A
  1. anticipatory response
  2. impulses from proprioceptors
  3. increased temperature
  4. body temperature increases
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13
Q

What receptors are responsible for position and movement present around the joints, muscles, tendons, and joint ligaments?

A

proprioceptors

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14
Q

What is being described?

impulse from cerebral cortex → skeletal muscle → collateral impulses → respiratory center → increased ventilation

A

pathway of an anticipatory response by increasing rate of ventilation

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15
Q

How does exercise increase temperature?

A

increased metabolism increases body temperature which stimulate respiration directly and indirectly

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16
Q

Why does the body heat up during exercise?

A

repeated muscular contraction increases body’s core temperature

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17
Q

What is the average heart rate?

A

70 bpm

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18
Q

Perspiration can increase to how much during exercise?

A

1L

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19
Q

What is the average stroke volume at rest?

A

70-80 ml

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20
Q

Respiration rate can increase up to how much during exercise?

A

40-50 breaths/p min

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21
Q

How much is the average stroke volume?

A

70-80 ml

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22
Q

What is the average amount of tidal volume at rest?

A

0.5 L

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23
Q

What is the average amount of tidal volume during exercise?

A

2.5 L

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24
Q

What is the average cardiac output during rest?

A

4 - 6 L

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25
Q

What is the role of the muscular system in pushing blood back to the heart faster?

A

muscle fibers contract and squeeze the veins

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26
Q

Why do arteries expand during exercise?

A

to prevent blood pressure from going too high up

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27
Q

Blood does NOT move from where there is less need for it towards the areas that are working.

This is because the body (inc. organs/tissues not working) needs to be oxygenated at the same manner as a whole. T/F?

A

F

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28
Q

Why does reddening occur during exercise?

A

blood heats up and moves closer to the skin

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29
Q

The level of CO2 in the blood and ____________ in the muscles increase during exercise.

A

cellular respiration

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30
Q

Does gas exchange in the lungs speed up, slow down, or remains constant during exercise?

A

speeds up

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31
Q

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction happens as a whole during exercise. It is not localized and thus constricting at different points is not possible in the arterial system. T/F?

A

F

32
Q

Why is progression necessary during training?

A

Muscles increase in strength. Overtime, the load won’t be considered as “stress” anymore

33
Q

One of the short-term effects of exercise is that energy reserves (fat) starts to diminish. Why?

A

GI tract gets used to not getting all the energy (calories)

34
Q

What are the two acute responses to exercise?

A
  1. anticipatory response
  2. acute neural response
35
Q

What is the function of the acute neural response to exercise?

A

sends signals to chemicals, organs needed, and not needed for exercise.

36
Q

What is the proper term for “blood conditioning organs”?

They can tolerate low levels of oxygen of blood because they remove waste.

A

Ischemia tolerant organs

37
Q

How come ischemia tolerant organs can tolerate low levels of oxygen?

A
  1. because their metabolic needs does not come from oxygen.
  2. due to factors like their slower metabolism and ability to shift to anaerobic metabolism
38
Q

Give 3 examples of ischemia tolerant organs

A

GI tract, kidney, lungs

39
Q

Which one is more dominant during exercise: sympathetic or parasympathetic activity?

A

sympathetic

39
Q

What does the increased sympathetic activity result to?

A

arterial constriction and decreased oxygen and blood supply

40
Q

No matter how fast or deep you breath, the oxygen supply will not be adequate. What kind of metabolism does your body switch to?

A

anaerobic metabolism

41
Q

During exercise, there will be a shift from the oxygen pathway to the non-oxygen metabolic pathway. (Aerobic → Aerobic) What is observed?

A

Proportional Anaerobism

42
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A

5L p/min

43
Q

By how many times does cardiac output increase by during exercise?

A

5x

44
Q

What are the 2 categories in which we can characterize the effects of exercise?

A

acute, chronic

45
Q

Give 4 examples of chronic responses to exercise.

A
  1. cardiac hypertrophy
  2. decreased resting heart rate
  3. decreased body fat
  4. increased heart acclimatisation
46
Q

Which part of the heart increases in size during heart hypertrophy?

A

ventricles. particularly the left ventricles.
(1.1 cm > 1.3 cm)

47
Q

Why does cardiac hypertrophy occur?

A

due to the heart’s sustained ability to pump high levels of blood through the body. linked to increased stroke volume

48
Q

Why is there a decrease in heart rate after chronic exercise?

A

heart becomes more efficient in pumping blood. linked to cardiac hypertrophy because the heart can now pump more blood, it doesn’t need to beat as much.

49
Q

How many percent of our maximum heart rate should be done to see a decrease in body fat levels?

A

60-85%

50
Q

How do you measure maximum heart rate?

A

Max heart rate = 220 - age

51
Q

Aerobic activity leads to increased:

A
  1. aerobic threshold
  2. cardiovascular endurance
  3. lung capacity
52
Q

anaerobic activity lead to increased:

A
  1. anaerobic threshold
  2. muscular endurance
  3. lactic acid tolerance
53
Q

There is an increase of capillary network after chronic exercise? T/F?

A

T

54
Q

Why is there an improved performance in sports after regular training?

A

due to an improved aerobic base (basic level of fitness)

55
Q

What are the benefits of strength training?

A
  1. muscle mass and strength
  2. bone density
  3. metabolism
  4. overall stability and balance
56
Q

Reducing your weight by just _____lbs or _____kg may be enough to lower blood pressure.

A

10llbs; 4kg

57
Q

What are the energy systems used by our body during exercise?

A
  1. ATP-PC System
  2. Lactic Acid System
  3. Oxygen (aerobic) System
58
Q

What chemical fuel reserve is utilized by the ATP-CP system?

A

creatine phosphate

59
Q

where is creatine phosphate stored?

A

muscles

60
Q

Is the ATP-CP system aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

61
Q

Briefly describe the process of the ATP-CP system.

A
  1. CP is broken down to Creatine and Phosphate
  2. Energy released from breakdown is used to combine ADP and Pi
  3. Combination produces ATP
62
Q

The supply of CP is limited. It can only be used for how many seconds effectively?

A

10-20 seconds

63
Q

After ________ months, our brains get used to low blood supply. What happens to our higher cortical function?

A

6 months; exhibits shunting (causes less thinking).

64
Q

Why do people feel “less pain” after training for a certain period time?

A

body sends out dopamine which overcomes feelings of pain

65
Q

Briefly describe the lactic acid system?

A

anaerobic breakdown of glycogen

66
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles as what?

A

glycogen

67
Q

From the breakdown of glycogen, we get a
bi-product called what?

A

pyruvic acid

68
Q

During times where oxygen is insufficient, pyruvic acid is stored as what?

A

lactic acid

69
Q

Energy from the lactic acid system can last how many minutes?

A

3 minutes

70
Q

Energy from the lactic acid system can only last for a certain amount of time. Why?

A

the buildup of lactic acid prevents further energy production

71
Q

Complete the diagram:

ADP + ________ = ________+ Pyruvic Acid

A

glycogen; ATP

72
Q

How does the aerobic system work?

A

via oxygen and performing a series of chemical reactions known as the “Krebs Cycle”

73
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation produces how much ATP?

A

36

74
Q

The continued breakdown of ______ becomes pyruvic acid and enters the mitochondria when the aerobic system is used.

A

glycogen

75
Q

Fats and proteins can only be broken down aerobically, T/F?

A

T

76
Q
A

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