Respiratory System

Question 1

what is respiration?

Answer 1

a process in living organism involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide

Question 2

what is external respiration?

Answer 2

a process of inhaling oxygen from the air into the lungs

Question 3

what is internal/tissue respiration?

Answer 3

gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in tissues

Question 4

what is air made up of and percentages?

Answer 4

• nitrogen (78%)
• oxygen (21%)
• argon (1%)
• carbon dioxide (0.03%)
• water vapour

Question 5

what is included in the upper respiratory system?

Answer 5

• nares
• nasal cavities
• sinuses
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea

Question 6

what is included in the lower respiratory system?

Answer 6

• caudal/distal trachea
• bronchi/bronchioles
• pulmonary alveoli
• lungs
• pleura

Question 7

what is the central fissure of the nares called?

Answer 7

philtrum

Question 8

what are the nares?

Answer 8

paired external openings which are. continuous with the nasal passage

Question 9

what are the nasal cavities lined with and what type of cell structure is it?

Answer 9

olfactory mucosa which is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 10

why do olfactory glands secrete mucus?

Answer 10

to trap particles and keep the nasal cavity moist

Question 11

what detects pheromones in the nose?

Answer 11

vomeronasal organ

Question 12

what makes up the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 12

maxillary and frontal sinuses

Question 13

what is the pharynx?

Answer 13

part of the respiratory tract that connects the nasal cavities to the larynx

Question 14

what two sections is the pharynx split into?

Answer 14

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx

Question 15

what is the nasopharynx?

Answer 15

dorsal portion connected to nasal cavities

Question 16

what is the oropharynx?

Answer 16

ventral portion connected to the caudal oral cavity

Question 17

what is the larynx?

Answer 17

a box at the entrance of the trachea

Question 18

what is the larynx made up of?

Answer 18

muscles
ligaments
cartilages

Question 19

what cartilages are in the larynx?

Answer 19

• epiglottis
• thyroid
• arytenoid
• cricoid

Question 20

what is the larynx designed for?

Answer 20

• To prevent entry of foreign material into the trachea during swallowing (deglutination)
• regulate the flow of gases into the respiratory tract
• contribute to vocalisation

Question 21

what is the trachea?

Answer 21

tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

Question 22

what is the trachea lined with?

Answer 22

ciliated mucous epithelium

Question 23

what is the muco-cilary escalator?

Answer 23

traps inhaled particles

Question 24

what does the trachea split into at the level of the heart base?

Answer 24

bronchi

Question 25

what does bronchi split into?

Answer 25

bronchioles

Question 26

what is the smallest bronchioles called?

Answer 26

terminal bronchioles

Question 27

what is alveoli ?

Answer 27

a single cell thick pulmonary membrane covered in capillaries where gaseous exchange takes place

Question 28

what do the lungs consist of?

Answer 28

- bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - blood vessels - connective tissue called parenchyma

Question 29

what is the space between pulmonary pleura and parietal pleura called?

Answer 29

pleured space

Question 30

what is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 30

pulmonary arteries deliver dexoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs where it is oxygenated by gas exchanged in the alveoli

Question 31

what do pulmonary veins transport?

Answer 31

oxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped around the body

Question 32

what is the mediastinum?

Answer 32

- the space between the lungs which is bound by the pleura - where the heart, trachea, thymus, and blood vessels are located

Question 33

who are obligate nasal breathers?

Answer 33

- cats - rabbits - rodents

Question 34

what is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 34

- to move two gases - co2 and oxygen - to produce energy

Question 35

what happens during inspiration?

Answer 35

- diaphragm contracts - diaphragm flattens - diaphragm moves caudally - external intercostal muscles contract - volume in thoracic cavity increases

Question 36

what happens during expiration?

Answer 36

- diaphragm relaxes - intercostal muscles contract - volume in the thoracic cavity decreases - forces air out of lungs

Question 37

what is perfusion?

Answer 37

process by which the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the lungs

Question 38

what are the three essential processes for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flow through the lungs?

Answer 38

- ventilation - diffusion - perfusion

Question 39

what is the aerobic respiration equation?

Answer 39

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 40

what does total lung capacity mean?

Answer 40

total volume of air in the lungs

Question 41

what does vital lung capacity mean?

Answer 41

maximum volume of air that can be forced out

Question 42

what is tidal volume?

Answer 42

amount of air in and out with each breath

Question 43

what does inspiratory reserve volume mean?

Answer 43

volume of inspiratory capacity unused with any one breath

Question 44

what does expiratory reserve volume mean?

Answer 44

volume of expiratory capacity unused with any one breath

Question 45

what does functional residual volume mean?

Answer 45

still air in the lungs

Question 46

what is anatomical dead space?

Answer 46

volume of air that does reach the alveoli - equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 47

what is neural control/hering breuer reflex?

Answer 47

stretch receptors sends impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla to stop inspiring

Question 48

what is deflation reflex?

Answer 48

stretch receptors sends impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla to stop deflating

Question 49

what is humoral control?

Answer 49

control via chemical in the blood which is monitored by the medulla of the hind brain - co2