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VN03 > Circulation and lymph system > Flashcards

Circulation and lymph system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main groups of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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2
Q

what are the three layers of arteries and veins?

A
  • inner lining - endothelium/tunica intima
  • middle layer - tunica media
  • outer layer - tunica adventitia
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3
Q

what do arteries carry and what is their journey?

A
  • carry oxygenated blood away from. the heart to the tissues
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4
Q

what do veins carry and what is their journey?

A
  • carry deoxygenated blood away from the tissue towards the heart
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5
Q

why are arteries thicker?

A

because the blood they contain is under higher pressure

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6
Q

what do arterial walls contain?

A

elastic fibres and smooth muscle

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7
Q

what are arterioles?

A

when blood moves away from the heart arteries divide which become smaller with thinner walls

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8
Q

what is arteriolar muscle contraction initiation by?

A

the brain and controls blood flow to organs and tissues

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9
Q

what are capillaries?

A

capillaries are smaller vessels that arterioles discharge blood into

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10
Q

what is the definition of diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

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11
Q

what is the definition of osmosis?

A

movement of solvent. across a semipermeable membrane from high to low solvent concentration

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12
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

it carries o2 and nutrients to the cell whilst carrying waste away

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13
Q

where will tissue fluid move to once a transfer has taken place?

A

venules

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14
Q

what does the brachial artery supply?

A

the forelimb

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15
Q

what does the axillary artery supply?

A

the thorax and axilla

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16
Q

what does the subclavian artery supply?

A

arms and branches to the head

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17
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

A

the forelimb and head

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18
Q

what does the coeliac artery supply?

A

the spleen, stomach, and liver

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19
Q

what do the renal arteries supply?

A

the kidneys

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20
Q

what does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

A

the small artery

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21
Q

what do the ovarian/testicular arteries supply?

A

the gonads

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22
Q

what does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

A

the large intestine

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23
Q

what does the external iliac artery branch into?

A

the femoral artery in each hindlimb

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24
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

the pelvic organs

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25
Q

where would you take an arterial sample from an awake patient?

A
  • metatarsal branch of the dorsal pedal artery
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26
Q

where would you take an arterial sample from on an anaesthetised sample?

A

coccygeal, auricular, and radial arteries

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27
Q

what blood drains in the coronary vein from the heart muscle?

A

deoxygenated blood

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28
Q

where does the jugular vein run?

A

runs on the ventro-lateral aspect of the neck in the jugular groove

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29
Q

what does the azygos vein carry?

A

deoxygenated blood from the thoracic body wall and joins either the cranial vena cava or drains directly into the right atrium

30
Q

what do hepatic portal vein drain?

A

drains capillary beds in the gut

31
Q

where does the cephalic vein runs along?

A

runs along the dorsal aspect of each forelimb

32
Q

where does the saphenous vein curve around?

A

curves around the lower part of the limb on thee lateral aspect before running medially

33
Q

where would you access veins on a rabbit?

A
  • cephalic
  • saphenous
  • marginal lateral ear vein
  • jugular
34
Q

where is the parotid lymph node?

A
  • caudal to the temporomandibular joint
35
Q

where is the submandibular lymph node?

A

under the jaw

36
Q

where is the prescapular joint ?

A

just in front of the shoulder, base of the neck and cranial edge of scapula

37
Q

where is the axillary lymph node?

A

armpit

38
Q

where is the popliteal lymph node?

A

caudal aspect of the stifle

39
Q

where is the inguinal lymph node?

A

between thigh and abdomen

40
Q

what is lymph?

A
  • fluid within the lymphatic system
  • similar to blood plasma but lacks plasma protein
41
Q

is lymph alkaline or acidic?

A

alkaline

42
Q

what is one function of the lymphatic system?

A

to return excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of the capillaries back into the circulating blood

43
Q

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

A

to remove bacteria and foreign particles

44
Q

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

A

to produce lymphocytes which produce antibodies

45
Q

what is the definition of an antigen?

A

foreign substance or invading organism that stimulates an immune response

46
Q

what is the definition of an antibody?

A

corresponding protein produced by T-lymphocytes which neutralise the antigen

47
Q

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

A

to transport the products of fat digestion and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) from the lacteals of the intestinal villi to the circulation

48
Q

what are lacteals?

A

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine which collect the product of fat digestion

49
Q

what is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

capillaries
vessels
ducts
nodes
tissues

50
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries?

A
  • smallest lymphatic vessels
  • excess tissue fluid collected into these
  • thin walled and delicate
51
Q

what are lymphatic vessels?

A
  • similar structure to veins
  • contain valves to prevent backflow of lymph
  • rely on blood vessels pulsating
52
Q

what are the lymph in lacteals in the villi that carry emulsified fats and some vitamins called?

A

chyle

53
Q

what are lymphatic ducts?

A
  • drain lymph into blood vessels leading to the heart
54
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from and empty into?

A

from - right hand side of the body
empty to - right jugular and superior vena cava

55
Q

where do tracheal ducts drain lymph from and empty into?

A
  • from - head
  • empty - into thoracic duct or large vein near heart
56
Q

what is the cisterna chyli?

A

reservoir of lymphatic fluid that resides in the abdomen

57
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

masses of lymphoid tissue. at intervals along the lymphatic vessels

58
Q

what three areas are lymph nodes made up of?

A
  • cortex (outer layer)
  • paracortex (inside the cortex)
  • medulla (central)
59
Q

what are three types of lymphatic tissue?

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
60
Q

what is the spleen and what does it do?

A
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • acts as a blood reservoirs by storing rbcs and platelets
  • destroys worn out rbcs and recycles the iron for making haemoglobin
  • filters out bacteria
61
Q

what is the thymus and what does it do?

A
  • lies in anterior part of the thorax
  • produces T-lymphocytes
  • regresses after puberty
62
Q

what are the tonsils and what do they do?

A
  • a ring of lymphoid tissue around the junction between oral/nasal cavities and pharynx
  • first line defence
63
Q

what does GALT stand for?

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

64
Q

what does SALT stand for?

A

skin associated lymphoid tissue

65
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

66
Q

what does acquired immunity mean?

A

ability of the body to make natural mechanisms and to recognise an antigen when encountered

67
Q

what does natural/innate immunity mean?

A

includes defences such as skin, sweat or protective responses

68
Q

what are the two responses of acquired immunity?

A
  • humoral (antibody mediated) immune response
  • cell mediated immune response
69
Q

what is humoral immune response?

A
  • involves the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes
  • when an antigen enters the body it stimulates the b-lymphocytes to produce antibodies which neutralise the antigen
70
Q

how does humoral immune response work?

A
  • when an antigen enters the body it stimulates the b-lymphocytes to produce antibodies which neutralise the antigen
71
Q

what is cell mediated immune response?

A
  • involves the use of T-lymphocytes
  • recognise cells that do not belong to the body and destroy them

VN03 (19 decks)

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