Circulation and lymph system

Question 1

what are the three main groups of blood vessels?

Answer 1

• arteries
• veins
• capillaries

Question 2

what are the three layers of arteries and veins?

Answer 2

• inner lining - endothelium/tunica intima
• middle layer - tunica media
• outer layer - tunica adventitia

Question 3

what do arteries carry and what is their journey?

Answer 3

• carry oxygenated blood away from. the heart to the tissues

Question 4

what do veins carry and what is their journey?

Answer 4

• carry deoxygenated blood away from the tissue towards the heart

Question 5

why are arteries thicker?

Answer 5

because the blood they contain is under higher pressure

Question 6

what do arterial walls contain?

Answer 6

elastic fibres and smooth muscle

Question 7

what are arterioles?

Answer 7

when blood moves away from the heart arteries divide which become smaller with thinner walls

Question 8

what is arteriolar muscle contraction initiation by?

Answer 8

the brain and controls blood flow to organs and tissues

Question 9

what are capillaries?

Answer 9

capillaries are smaller vessels that arterioles discharge blood into

Question 10

what is the definition of diffusion?

Answer 10

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Question 11

what is the definition of osmosis?

Answer 11

movement of solvent. across a semipermeable membrane from high to low solvent concentration

Question 12

what is tissue fluid?

Answer 12

it carries o2 and nutrients to the cell whilst carrying waste away

Question 13

where will tissue fluid move to once a transfer has taken place?

Answer 13

venules

Question 14

what does the brachial artery supply?

Answer 14

the forelimb

Question 15

what does the axillary artery supply?

Answer 15

the thorax and axilla

Question 16

what does the subclavian artery supply?

Answer 16

arms and branches to the head

Question 17

what does the brachiocephalic trunk supply?

Answer 17

the forelimb and head

Question 18

what does the coeliac artery supply?

Answer 18

the spleen, stomach, and liver

Question 19

what do the renal arteries supply?

Answer 19

the kidneys

Question 20

what does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 20

the small artery

Question 21

what do the ovarian/testicular arteries supply?

Answer 21

the gonads

Question 22

what does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

Answer 22

the large intestine

Question 23

what does the external iliac artery branch into?

Answer 23

the femoral artery in each hindlimb

Question 24

what does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 24

the pelvic organs

Question 25

where would you take an arterial sample from an awake patient?

Answer 25

- metatarsal branch of the dorsal pedal artery

Question 26

where would you take an arterial sample from on an anaesthetised sample?

Answer 26

coccygeal, auricular, and radial arteries

Question 27

what blood drains in the coronary vein from the heart muscle?

Answer 27

deoxygenated blood

Question 28

where does the jugular vein run?

Answer 28

runs on the ventro-lateral aspect of the neck in the jugular groove

Question 29

what does the azygos vein carry?

Answer 29

deoxygenated blood from the thoracic body wall and joins either the cranial vena cava or drains directly into the right atrium

Question 30

what do hepatic portal vein drain?

Answer 30

drains capillary beds in the gut

Question 31

where does the cephalic vein runs along?

Answer 31

runs along the dorsal aspect of each forelimb

Question 32

where does the saphenous vein curve around?

Answer 32

curves around the lower part of the limb on thee lateral aspect before running medially

Question 33

where would you access veins on a rabbit?

Answer 33

- cephalic - saphenous - marginal lateral ear vein - jugular

Question 34

where is the parotid lymph node?

Answer 34

- caudal to the temporomandibular joint

Question 35

where is the submandibular lymph node?

Answer 35

under the jaw

Question 36

where is the prescapular joint ?

Answer 36

just in front of the shoulder, base of the neck and cranial edge of scapula

Question 37

where is the axillary lymph node?

Answer 37

armpit

Question 38

where is the popliteal lymph node?

Answer 38

caudal aspect of the stifle

Question 39

where is the inguinal lymph node?

Answer 39

between thigh and abdomen

Question 40

what is lymph?

Answer 40

- fluid within the lymphatic system - similar to blood plasma but lacks plasma protein

Question 41

is lymph alkaline or acidic?

Answer 41

alkaline

Question 42

what is one function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 42

to return excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of the capillaries back into the circulating blood

Question 43

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 43

to remove bacteria and foreign particles

Question 44

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 44

to produce lymphocytes which produce antibodies

Question 45

what is the definition of an antigen?

Answer 45

foreign substance or invading organism that stimulates an immune response

Question 46

what is the definition of an antibody?

Answer 46

corresponding protein produced by T-lymphocytes which neutralise the antigen

Question 47

what is a function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 47

to transport the products of fat digestion and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) from the lacteals of the intestinal villi to the circulation

Question 48

what are lacteals?

Answer 48

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine which collect the product of fat digestion

Question 49

what is the lymphatic system made up of?

Answer 49

capillaries vessels ducts nodes tissues

Question 50

what are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 50

- smallest lymphatic vessels - excess tissue fluid collected into these - thin walled and delicate

Question 51

what are lymphatic vessels?

Answer 51

- similar structure to veins - contain valves to prevent backflow of lymph - rely on blood vessels pulsating

Question 52

what are the lymph in lacteals in the villi that carry emulsified fats and some vitamins called?

Answer 52

chyle

Question 53

what are lymphatic ducts?

Answer 53

- drain lymph into blood vessels leading to the heart

Question 54

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from and empty into?

Answer 54

from - right hand side of the body empty to - right jugular and superior vena cava

Question 55

where do tracheal ducts drain lymph from and empty into?

Answer 55

- from - head - empty - into thoracic duct or large vein near heart

Question 56

what is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 56

reservoir of lymphatic fluid that resides in the abdomen

Question 57

what are lymph nodes?

Answer 57

masses of lymphoid tissue. at intervals along the lymphatic vessels

Question 58

what three areas are lymph nodes made up of?

Answer 58

- cortex (outer layer) - paracortex (inside the cortex) - medulla (central)

Question 59

what are three types of lymphatic tissue?

Answer 59

- spleen - thymus - tonsils

Question 60

what is the spleen and what does it do?

Answer 60

- largest lymphoid organ - acts as a blood reservoirs by storing rbcs and platelets - destroys worn out rbcs and recycles the iron for making haemoglobin - filters out bacteria

Question 61

what is the thymus and what does it do?

Answer 61

- lies in anterior part of the thorax - produces T-lymphocytes - regresses after puberty

Question 62

what are the tonsils and what do they do?

Answer 62

- a ring of lymphoid tissue around the junction between oral/nasal cavities and pharynx - first line defence

Question 63

what does GALT stand for?

Answer 63

gut associated lymphoid tissue

Question 64

what does SALT stand for?

Answer 64

skin associated lymphoid tissue

Question 65

what does MALT stand for?

Answer 65

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 66

what does acquired immunity mean?

Answer 66

ability of the body to make natural mechanisms and to recognise an antigen when encountered

Question 67

what does natural/innate immunity mean?

Answer 67

includes defences such as skin, sweat or protective responses

Question 68

what are the two responses of acquired immunity?

Answer 68

- humoral (antibody mediated) immune response - cell mediated immune response

Question 69

what is humoral immune response?

Answer 69

- involves the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes - when an antigen enters the body it stimulates the b-lymphocytes to produce antibodies which neutralise the antigen

Question 70

how does humoral immune response work?

Answer 70

- when an antigen enters the body it stimulates the b-lymphocytes to produce antibodies which neutralise the antigen

Question 71

what is cell mediated immune response?

Answer 71

- involves the use of T-lymphocytes - recognise cells that do not belong to the body and destroy them