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RAD 414 > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the function of the respiratory tract

A

gas exchange

sense of smell

phonation/speaking

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2
Q

why do we need the air to be humid

A

to keep the respiratory tracts moist so it can attract pathogens

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3
Q

why does the air need to be warm

A

gas exchange happens at optimal temp which is body temp

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4
Q

what is the frontal and sphenoid sinus

A

areas that hold mucus in skull

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5
Q

where are the turbinates located

A

in the nasal cavity

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6
Q

what are the 3 turbinates

A

inferior
middle
superior turbinatw

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7
Q

what is the structure and role of turbinates

A

mucus lined bony structures that

  1. increase surface area of nasal cavity
  2. makes air turbulent increasing its contact with the mucous (help add moisture to air and warm it up)
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8
Q

why is the nasal cavity highly vasulated

A

lots of blood vessels that run in opposite to air flow which allows heat exchange

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9
Q

what are the 3 pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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10
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap that goes over the larynx to close it

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11
Q

what 2 types of cartilage are found at the larynx (voice box)

A

thyroid
cricoid

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12
Q

what is the purpose of membranes between the tracheal caritlage

A

give them more flexibility

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13
Q

what do you call the point where the trachea bifurcates

A

carina

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14
Q

what feature of the trachea allows it to open and close

A

the trachealis (smooth muscle) tightens or relaxes

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15
Q

describe the structure of the trachea

A
  • trachealis smooth muscle
  • mucose (pseudostratified ciliate columnar epithelia)
  • submucosa (contains connective tissue with sub mucous glands)
  • c shaped cartilage (keep it open, gives more flexibility to open and close
  • lumen
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16
Q

what is the use of cilia in trachea

A

waft and beat the mucous up to the throat so it can be swelled and stomach can kill the pathogens

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17
Q

why is there only sqamous cells towards the end of the trachea

A

thin for better gas exchange

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18
Q

how does smoking affect cilia

A

paralyses cilia so cant waft the mucous up, potentially harbouring pathogen causing infection

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19
Q

what cells produce the mucoius

A

goblet cells and glands

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20
Q

why do respiratory disease affect terminal bronchial more

A

because the c cartilage is terminated leaving only smooth muscle so they effect it as it is doesnt have the cartilage to keep it open

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21
Q

what type of epithelia is found in the trachea

A

psedostratified ciliated columnar

22
Q

what type of epithelia is in the alveoli

A

simple squamous

23
Q

describe how structures in the thoracic cavity change during ventilation

A

sternum and ribs move up and outwards

diaphragm contracts inferior

all to increase thoracic volume

24
Q

what 2 [arts of the diaphragm are there

A

left and right hemi diaphragm

25
Q

why does the right hemisphere diaphragm sit higher

A

because the liver sits underneath

26
Q

what do all the muscle fibres on the semi diaphragms connect to

A

the central tendon

27
Q

what happens when the diaphragm contracts

A

the muscle fibres on the diaphragm pull down on the central tendon to increase thoracic volume

28
Q

what level does the inferior vena cave pass through the diaphragm

A

T8 (venacava has 8 letters)

29
Q

what level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm

A

T10 (oespophagus has 10 letters)

30
Q

what level does the descending aorta pass through the diaphragm

A

T12 (aortichiatus hole that aorta travels thru in diaphragm has 12 letters)

31
Q

what is the prefix relating to the diaphragm

A

phrenic

32
Q

what level is the phrenic nerve at

A

c3 c4 c5

(c3 c4 c5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

33
Q

what 6 muscles are used in inspirations

A

Pectoralis major,
Pectoralis minor,
External intercostals,
Scalenes,
Serratus anterior,
Innermost intercostals

34
Q

what 3 muscles are used in expiration

A

Internal intercostals,
Abdominal muscles,
Innermost intercostals

35
Q

explain how the diaphragm moves to accommodate exhale and inhaling

A

inspiration = diaphragm contracts so pressure in thorax decreases, causing air to enter lungs down a pressure gradient
expiration = diaphragm relaxes so pressure in thorax increases, causing air to leave lungs down a pressure gradient

36
Q

what is the pressure b/q layers of Plura compared to atmospheric pressure

A

lower (756 mmg vs 760mmg)

37
Q

Roughly what age does our bronchial tree stop growing?

A

18

38
Q

Which pneumocytes produce surfactant

A

type 2

39
Q

Who is particularly vulnerable to not being able to produce surfactant?

A

pre mature babies

40
Q

what does surfactant do

A

keeps alveoli to stay open by making sure they dont stick and clsoe

41
Q

compared the SA of alveoli in adults to babies

A

kids = 2.8m2
adults = 75m2

42
Q

what happens if the oesophagi-tracheal septum dont form in babies

A

fistula , abnormal connection between oseophagus and trachea
needs surgical repair

43
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there on the left vs the right

A

left = 10-8
right = 10
(as left lung is smaller)

44
Q

what is bronchopulmonary segment

A

smallst functional unit of lung
(each bronchopulmonary segment has its own pulmonary supply)
each segment has a septum running between them

45
Q

what provides lung muscle with oxygen

A

bronchial artery, vein and nerve

46
Q

why is the right bronchial more prone to choking

A

right bronchial is wider, shorter and at a more vertical angle

47
Q

how many lobes are in right and left lugn

A

right = 3
left = 2

48
Q

what are the fissures called in each lung

A

left = 1 oblique fissure
right = horizonta (separates UL AND ML) l and oblique (separates LL AND ML) fissure

49
Q

why is it hard to see disease in apex

A

because it runs 3 cms above apex

50
Q

at what landmark in the lungs do structures to enter and exit lungs to supply blood

A

hilum

51
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary ligament

A

stabilises the lung
free moving in pleural cavity but ligament holds the hilum in place to stop it twisting and ripping the pleura

RAD 414 (24 decks)

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