biochemistry and cell biology for radiography Flashcards
how many different amino acids are there
20
what are the groups an amino acid is made up of
amine group
carboxyl group
side chain (R) (gives it its unique property)
what bonds are formed between amino acids and what does it release during this condensation readtion
peptide bond
releases water
what are the 4 main classes of biological mcaromolecules
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acid
what is the use of protein
structure, function, energy
whats the use of lipids
energy, signally hydrocarbon chains
what the use of carbohydrates
energy
whats the use of nucleic acid
stores genetic info
how is flurodeoxyglucose used in PET scanners
it has similar shape to glucose molecules and gets absorbed in the same way but once inside the cell, it acts differently.
it cannot breakdown and accumulates inside cell (which can get toxic at high concentrations) but the higher the concentration the greater the amplification of the signal (good for radiography).
as 18F decays into oxygen atom it recreates lost hydroxyl group and glucose molecule which is metabolised as normal
what are the 4 bases that codes for DNA
adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
which of the 4 bases are purine or pyrimidine
adenine, guanine = purines (double carbon ring)
thymine, cytosine = pyridamine (single carbon ring)
how many hydrogen bonds do the nucleic acid base pairs have
adenine and thymine = 2
cytosine and guanina = 3
what is the structure of a nucleic acid
phosphate
ribose sugar
organic base
what is the most direct way radiation damage DNA
ionising radiaiton breaks bond between the nucleotides creating double strand break and DNA falls apart and dies
how is oxidative damage caused by radiation to DNA
radiation makes radicals by splitting water into hydroxyl radicals
radicals react and alter DNA (adds oxygen to DNA) changing its shape resulting in errors in reading and copying instructions
these mutations can lead to cells becoming cancerous or if they accumulate too much, cell death
explain the progression build up towards an organism
cells (basic unit)
tissue (group of similar/different cells working specific function)
organ ( group of different tissues working together for specific function)
system ( different organs working to support whole system)
organism (different systems working together to support whole organism)
name as many systems in the human body as u can
urine
female/male reproductive
digestive
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
nervous
muscular
digestice
cardiovascular
endorine
what type of disease is linked to Golgi apparatus disfunction
neurodegenative e.g alzheimers
type of disease linked to nuclear envelop disfunction
genetic e.g progeria
type of disease linked to mitochondria disfunction
metabolic disease e.g cancer, diabetic deafness
type of disease linked to endoplasmic reticulum disfuntion
abnormal protein or lipid synthesis e.g cystic fibrosis
type of disease linked to lysosome disfunction
lysosomal storage e.g autoimmune disease
type of disease linked to membrane disfunction
membrane trafficking e.g HIV
what is differentiation and how does it occur
process by which cells become specialised
differentiate via turning certain genes on or off
