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RAD 414 > biochemistry and cell biology for radiography > Flashcards

biochemistry and cell biology for radiography Flashcards

1
Q

how many different amino acids are there

A

20

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2
Q

what are the groups an amino acid is made up of

A

amine group
carboxyl group
side chain (R) (gives it its unique property)

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3
Q

what bonds are formed between amino acids and what does it release during this condensation readtion

A

peptide bond
releases water

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4
Q

what are the 4 main classes of biological mcaromolecules

A

lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acid

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5
Q

what is the use of protein

A

structure, function, energy

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6
Q

whats the use of lipids

A

energy, signally hydrocarbon chains

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7
Q

what the use of carbohydrates

A

energy

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8
Q

whats the use of nucleic acid

A

stores genetic info

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9
Q

how is flurodeoxyglucose used in PET scanners

A

it has similar shape to glucose molecules and gets absorbed in the same way but once inside the cell, it acts differently.

it cannot breakdown and accumulates inside cell (which can get toxic at high concentrations) but the higher the concentration the greater the amplification of the signal (good for radiography).

as 18F decays into oxygen atom it recreates lost hydroxyl group and glucose molecule which is metabolised as normal

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10
Q

what are the 4 bases that codes for DNA

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

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11
Q

which of the 4 bases are purine or pyrimidine

A

adenine, guanine = purines (double carbon ring)

thymine, cytosine = pyridamine (single carbon ring)

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12
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do the nucleic acid base pairs have

A

adenine and thymine = 2

cytosine and guanina = 3

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13
Q

what is the structure of a nucleic acid

A

phosphate
ribose sugar
organic base

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14
Q

what is the most direct way radiation damage DNA

A

ionising radiaiton breaks bond between the nucleotides creating double strand break and DNA falls apart and dies

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15
Q

how is oxidative damage caused by radiation to DNA

A

radiation makes radicals by splitting water into hydroxyl radicals

radicals react and alter DNA (adds oxygen to DNA) changing its shape resulting in errors in reading and copying instructions

these mutations can lead to cells becoming cancerous or if they accumulate too much, cell death

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16
Q

explain the progression build up towards an organism

A

cells (basic unit)
tissue (group of similar/different cells working specific function)
organ ( group of different tissues working together for specific function)
system ( different organs working to support whole system)
organism (different systems working together to support whole organism)

17
Q

name as many systems in the human body as u can

A

urine
female/male reproductive
digestive
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
nervous
muscular
digestice
cardiovascular
endorine

18
Q

what type of disease is linked to Golgi apparatus disfunction

A

neurodegenative e.g alzheimers

19
Q

type of disease linked to nuclear envelop disfunction

A

genetic e.g progeria

20
Q

type of disease linked to mitochondria disfunction

A

metabolic disease e.g cancer, diabetic deafness

21
Q

type of disease linked to endoplasmic reticulum disfuntion

A

abnormal protein or lipid synthesis e.g cystic fibrosis

22
Q

type of disease linked to lysosome disfunction

A

lysosomal storage e.g autoimmune disease

23
Q

type of disease linked to membrane disfunction

A

membrane trafficking e.g HIV

24
Q

what is differentiation and how does it occur

A

process by which cells become specialised

differentiate via turning certain genes on or off

25
Q

why are embryonic cells different from stomatic/tissue specific ones

A

embryonic cells have the capacity to multiply/self renew and differentiate into all cells

stomata can self renew and differentiate into SPECIFIC cells to replenish dying or damaged tissue/cells

26
Q

what is necrosis

A

pathological cell death

27
Q

whats senescence

A

biological aging with deterioration
cells irreversibly stop dividing

28
Q

whats apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

whats quiescence

A

cell no dividing

30
Q

whats proliferation

A

growth and division

31
Q

what part of the cell cycle does the cell die/go into arrest

A

G 0

32
Q

what is autophage

A

lysosome dependent process that degrades various cargoes varying from molecules to whole orgnalles (cell death)

33
Q

what is metabolism

A

prices by which food and drink is digested and converted into energy

34
Q

what types of tissue are most vulnerable to radiation and why

A

those with high rates of cell division
reproductive and immune system tissues

radiation damages the DNA which leads to error in replication and cell death

35
Q
A

RAD 414 (24 decks)

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