cardiac Flashcards
what do you call the area between the ribs
intercostal space
what do you call the central portion of the thoracic cavity
mediastinum
what landmark does the great vessels/arch of aorta emerge
sternal angle / T4-T5
what landmark does the apex of the heart sit
5th intercostal space
where is the mediastinum space found
between the left and right lungs
what subsections are the mediastinum divided into and give landmarks
divided into superior and inferior mediastinum
inferior is further divided into anterior, middle and posterior
division of superior and inferior mediatinum is at the sternal angle which is also rib 2 and also thoracic t4/t5 intervertebral disc
the the sternal angle is a popular landmark, name 5 components that can be found at the level of the sternal angle
carina
t4-t5 vertebral disc
arch of aorta
rib 2
bifurcation of trachea
what are the 2 circulation systems carried out by the left and right side of the heart
right side of heart = pulmonary circulation (to lungs)
left side of heart = systemic circulation ( to body)
describe the orientation of the heart in the middle mediastinum
sits on the cardic axis tilted 45 degrees to the left
right ventricle is most anterior and left atrium is most posterior
describe the blood flow through the heart and great vessels
name the 2 atrioventricular valves
tricuspid (right atrium and ventricle)
mitral/bicuspid (left atrium and ventricle)
what are the valves in the aorta and pulmonary called
arotic or pulmonary
semi-lunar
what muscle in the heart controls the opening of the valves and what tendon does it use
papillary muscle
pulls on the valves(to open) using chordae tendinae
why can ventricles adjust the thickness of their walls
to be more suitable in sutuations such as hypertension, issues with valves (so ventricles need to work hard to push blood through aorta/pulmonary)
what is the endocardium
layer of cells within the heart (lines the walls)
what is the myocardium
muscle of the heard
what is epicardium
outer most layer of cells of heart
what is an advantage of the myocardium
has small perforated vessels to allow oxygenated blood to reach the muscle
what is the pericardium
fibrous sac that encloses the entire heart and beginnings of the great vessels
describe the 4 layers of the sac that surrounds the heat
pericardium
parietal layer of serious pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral layer of serous pericardium
what is within the pericardial cavity and why
clear fluid to allow the rubbing of the heart/motion of the heart onto the pericardium
what is pericardial infusion
where there’s a build up of fluid in the pericardial cavity causing compression on heart
what is aortic reguitation
when theres reverse flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle due to inadequate closing of aortic valve
what is cardiomyopathy
muscles of heart have lost ability to contract and squeeze blood out of heart
what is the hole that allows the passing of oxygenated blood from the right atrium into the left atrium
foramen ovale
whats the name of the hole that allows passing of oxygenated blood from pulmonary trunk into aorta
ductus arteriosis
describe how fetuses use oxygenated blood from mother
- from the placenta, oxygenated blood travels through the umbilical vein and into the inferior vena cava of baby
- oxygenated blood from inferior vena cave enters the right atrium
- blood from right atrium passes through into left atrium via foramen ovale
- blood in left atrium passes into left ventricle then into the aorta and pushed to the rest of the body
- some blood may pass into the right ventricle so here it is pumped into the pulmonary trunk where it can enter the aorta via the ductus arteriosus
- once oxygenated blood has been used up (now contains co2 waste etc), it goes down the descending aorta and into the umbilical artery where it reenters the placenta for the mother to filter
what causes the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus to close after birth
after birth the lungs are now in use
the change in pressure, causes the shutting of these flaps/openings
-lungs full with air
- pressure drop in pulmonary circulation
- left atrium pressure increases (shutting the opening
what is a patent ductus arteriosus
when the ductus arteriosus doesnt shut after birth
label the 5 types of branches of the coronary artery on the right side of the heart
right coronary artery
clonal branch/ atricular branch
ventricular branches (2)
right marginal branch
posterior descending branch
from what great vessels do the coronary arteries branch from
aorta
label the 6 branches of the coronary artery on the left side of the heart
left coronary artery
circumflex
anterior descending intraventricular artery
left marginal artery
atrial branches
inferior ventricular branches
what 3 branches of the left coronary artery stem off the circumflex branch
left marginal artery
atrial branches
inferior ventricular branches
name the 4 veins in coronary anatomy
great cardiac veins (anterior inter ventricular vein)
small cardiac veins (right marginal vein)
anterior veins of right ventricle
middle cardiac vein
what coronary arteries do the veins accompany
small cardiac veins accompany the right marginal arteries
great cardiac vein/anterior inter ventricular vein accompany the anterior descending inter ventricular artery
middle cardiac vein accompanies the posterior descending artery
explain how the heart contracts
- Sino-atrial nodes located in the wall of the right atrium send an electric impulse across the right and left atrium
- so right and left atrium contract at the same time
- the electrical impulse then reaches the atrioventricular node in the septum
- then it goes down the bundle of his all the way to the apex
- then the impulse travels up the sides of the heart via purkinje fibres
where do the blood from the coronary veins drain into and which compartment of the heart is this
all coronary veins drain into the coronary sinus which drains the blood back into the right atrium
what role does the nervous system have in the heart, with what
controlling heart rate via the sympathetic and parasympathetic system
where do the sympathetic servers supplying the heart originate? (landmark)
the spinal cord at vertebrae levels T1/T5
what does the sympathetic system do
increase heart rate via flight or flight
what nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic supply of the heart
vagus nerve
what does the parasympathetic system do
slow down heart rate
what is the cardiac plexuses
joining of vagus nerve branches to the sympathetic fibres
