into to musculoskeletal system Flashcards
whats an axial and appendicular skeleton
the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate.
comprised of the upper and lower extremities, which include the shoulder girdle and pelvis.
what are the 5 functions of bones
- supports
- calcium storage
- protection
- attachement for muscles
- haematopoiesis (formation of blood cell components)
what bones are found in axial skeleton
skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
what bones are found in appendicular skeleton
limb bones
clavicle and scapula
pelvis
how does bone structure aid its function
hard connective tissue makes it good for load bearing, movement and protection
how does cartilage structure aid its function
elastic and more flexible so its good for connecting bone to bone and its smoothness means less friction for free movement at joints
what is hyaline cartilage
covers the articular surface and its slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints
whats fibrocartilage
act as a cushion within joints, where it helps manage compression forces and reduces stress placed on joints.
what does ligament do
connects bone to bone
what are the 5 types of bones
- long bones
- short bones
- sesamoid bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
give examples of each of the 5 different types of bones
long bones = femur, humerous, phalanx
short bones = carpal tarsal bones
sesamoid bones = embedded in tendon, patella
flat bones = skull and rib bones
irregular bones = maxilla, vertebrae bones, nasal
what are the 3 different sections of a long bone
epiphysis (end)
metaphysis
diaphysis
where are the epiphyseal plates located during bone growth
metaphyseys
define ossification
when cartilage which forms preliminary bones are replaced and calcium is deposited
when do your cuneiform bones begin to develop
ages 1-3
what is trabecular bone
spongy bone
what is perichondrium and its function
Surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage
Protect bones and cartilage from injury and damage, nourish cartilage through blood vessels, and facilitate cartilage growth
what is periosteum and its function
membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones
delivers bones their blood supply and gives them their sense of feeling
protects the bone and is the structure from which blood vessels and nerves enter bone.
what is the medullary cavity
the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
what are bone markings
different surfaces that are names to identify attachment sites and where adjacent structures lie
what are the 7 types of bone markings
spine
foramen
fossa
crest
tubercle
ramus
ruberosity
define spine
sharp process jutting out from bone
define foramen
opening/round/oval hole in bone which structure pass
define tubercle
small, elevated processf
define crest
ridge of bone
define fossa
hollow/depressed area
define ramus
thin part of bone joining thicker partde
fine tuberosity
large, rounded eminence which may have rough surface
define olecranon
elbow head
what are the 3 types of joints
fibrous
synovial
cartilaginous
what is synovial space
characterised by the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
what are the 3 types of muscle
cardia
smooth
skeletal
define muscle
contractile tissue that causes movement
what is skeletal muscla
moves bones at their joints
has an ‘origin’ and intertion/attachment point
brief structure of skeletal muscle structure
made up of fascicles
fascicles are made up of muscle fibres
and muscle fibres are made out of myofibrils
what are the 3 types of connecting tissues
tendon
fasciae
aponeurosis
what is a tendon
rounded bundle of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to bone
what is fasciae
flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching and investing a muscle
what is aponerurosis
additional sheet of fibrous connective tissue attaching muscle to additional parts it moves
what is the order of build up towards a tendon/ligament
fibril
fibre
sub-facicle
fascicle
tendon/ligament
what is an avulsion fraction
where ligament or tendon pulls of a piece of bone from where its attached
what 2 things does muscle shape depend on
- degree of contraction required (proportional to length of muscle fibres)
- amount of power required (proportional to number of muscle fibres)
what are the 7 types of muscle shapes and where can they be found
- parallel (biceps)
- fusiform (groin)
- unipennate (forearm)
- bipennate (quads)
- multipennate (delts/shoulders)
- convergent (pecs)
- circular (around mouth)
what are the different types of muscle compartment in the bicep, forearm, thigh and shin
bicep = anterior flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment
forarm = anteriro flexor compartment, posterior extensor compartment
thigh = anterior comparetment, medial adductor compartment, posterior compartment
shin/lower legs = anterior compartment, lateral compartment, posterior compartment (superficial and deep)
what is compartment syndrom
increased pressure in a muscle compartment
-pain with stretch
- paralysis
- pulselessness etc
why do vessels form a plexus/anastomosis around a joint
so blood flow is not stopped when joint is flexed
define agonist vs antagonist in muscles
agonist = shortens muscle to produce movement
antagonist = proportionally relaxed on agonist contraction (opposes agonist)wh
what are the 3 types of contractions + explain
concentric = muscle actively shortening
isometric = muscle actively maintains contraction
eccentric = muscle actively lengthening
what is an essential fixtor
clamp proximal joins to allow movement in distal joints
what is the use of popliteus
the knee joint locks after standing for a long time to conserve energy
popliteus unlocks the knee joint
what are postural fixators
prevent changes in body position due to shifts in centre of gravity
what is an advantage of long tendons
the muscle body doesnt actually have to be in the area of action e.g in foot
define muscle tone
even when relaxed, muscles remain slightly contracted
stabilises joints and maintains posture
