Respiratory System Flashcards
This provides for exchange of O2 and CO2 to and from the blood.
respiratory system
A portion of the respiratory system which consists of the nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.
Conducting portion
A portion of the respiratory system where the system’s main function of gas exchange occurs, consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Respiratory portion
The cellular sites of the exchange of O2 and CO2 between inspired air and blood that are saclike structures that make up most of the lungs.
Alveoli
This portion cleans and humidifies the inspired air and provides a conduit through which air moves to and from the lungs.
Conducting portion
These provide the conducting portion with rigid structural support and the necessary flexibility and extensibility to ensure an uninterrupted supple of air with its combination.
cartilage
elastic & collagen fibers
smooth muscle
These filter out particulare material from the inspired air.
vibrissae (hair)
Separates the nasal cavities that lie within the skull as two cavernous chambers.
osseous nasal septum
This refers to the three bony shelflike projections.
conchae or turbinates
Play an important role in conditioning inhaled air.
lamina propria
Carries blood in a general direction counter to the flow of inspired air and releases heat to warm that air while it is humidified by water released from small seromucous glands.
a complex vasculature with loops of capillaries
Refers to the paired chambers separated by a bony and cartilaginous septum
Nasal cavities
It also facilitates our sense of olfaction.
Nasal cavities
The dilated space of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils and lined by skin.
Nasal vestibule
Largest part of the nasal cavities and line by respiratory mucosa.
Respiratory Region
Specialized in the process of olfaction.
Olfactory Region
T or F.
Within the vestibule, the epithelium retains its keratinized nature and undergoes a transition to typical pseudostratified columnar epithelium which also lines the nasal cavities.
False. It loses its keratinized nature
This is where olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell are located.
Olfactory epithelium
Refers to bipolar neurons that span the thickness of the epithelium that act as membrane chemoreceptors.
Olfactory neurons
A process that involves chemoreception where olfactory glands secrete substances that will mix which will then allow the olfactory epithelium to process the stimuli.
Smell
The receptors respond to these substances by generating an action potential along the axons extending from the basal ends of these neurons.
odoriferous substances
These are columnar with broad, cylindrical apexes that help maintain a microenvironment conducive to olfactory function and survival.
Supporting cells
These are small, spherical or coned shaped cells near the basal lamina that acts as stem cells or progenitor cells of the other two types, replacing the olfactory neurons every 2-3 months and support cells less frequently.
Basal cells
Secrete substances that will mix with the substance released by a certain stimulus that is being mixed together and will then be process by the olfactory neurons.
Olfactory glands
Large serous glands which produce a constant flow of fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia, facilitating the access of new odoriferous substances.
Olfactory glands
T or F.
Smell is directly connected to the memory part of the brain.
True
The most abundant respiratory epithelium
Ciliated columnar cells
Cells that produce mucous
Goblet cells
Chemosensory receptors
Brush cells
Cells that are part of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)
Small granule cells or kulchitsky cells
Mitotically active stem and progenitor cells which replenish the epithelia
Basal cells
Serves as a passageway for air and food and acts as a resonating chamber for speech.
Nasopharynx
The first part of the pharynx and continuous caudally with the oropharynx (throat)
Nasopharynx
The epithelium that lines the nasopharynx.
Respiratory epithelium
The passage for air between the pharynx and the trachea
Larynx
The organ for producing sound.
Larynx
The shape of the plates of hyaline in the larynx.
Irregular unlike of the trachea – organized c-rings
This epithelium of the larynx covers the luminal surface of the vocal chord which functions to protect mucosa from abrasion caused by rapidly moving air stream especially whenever we talk.
stratified squamous epithelium
These control the flow of air through the larynx and vibrate to produce sound.
Vocal folds
Supports the free edge of each vocal fold
vocal ligament
The drawing of the paired vocal folds together by the muscles of the larynx during phonation.
Adduction
These cuases the adducted vocal cords to vibrate and produce sound.
rima glottidis & air expelled from lungs
These are altered by modulating the tension on the vocal folds and by changing the degree of glotal opening.
Pitch and other qualities of sound.
T or F.
Alterations of the vibrations produce sounds of different pitch
True
An elongated recess in the larynx above the vocal folds
Ventricle
These are referred to as “false vocal cords”
Ventricular folds
These folds do not have muscular movement thus do not modulate in phonation but important for the resonance of sound which is like an echo chamber inside the larynx.
Ventricular folds
A flattened structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx that serves to prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering that passage.
Epiglottis
The one that opens to the esophagus whenever we swallow food.
Lingual surface
Benign reactive polyps that are frequent in the stratified squamous epithelium of the true vocal cords, affecting the voice.
Singer’s nodules
These are foun in between the submucosa and adventita that reinforces the wall and keeps the tracheal lumen open.
A dozen of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
A bundle of smooth muscle
Trachealis muscle
T or F
The trachelis muscle contracts during swallowing to facilitate the passage of food by allowing the esophagus to bulge into the lumen of the trachea, with the elastic layer preventing excessive distention of the lumen.
False. The trachealis muscle relaxes.
T or F
The trachealis muscle contracts in the cough reflex to narrow the tracheal lumen and provide for increased velocity of the expelled air and better loosening of material in the air passage.
True
Directly branches from the trachea
Primary bronchi
Acts as a secondary bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Acts as a tertiary bronchi
Segmental bronchi
What is the significance of the existence of lung segments?
It facilitates the specific surgical resection of diseased lung tissue without affecting nearby healthy tissue
It has a folded appearance due to conctraction of its smooth muscle.
Bronchi
Its movement is important in clearing debris and mucus by moving it upward along the bronchial tree and trachea before it reaches the lungs
Cilia
Club cells
Clara cells or Exocrine Bronchiolar cells
It functions in the secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface.
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
It functions in the secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelal surface
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
It functions in the detoxification of inhaled xenobiotic compounds by enzymes of the SER
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
It functions in the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
It functions in the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
It functions as a stem cell.
Clara cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
The smallest functional unit of pulmonary structure that consists of a single respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli that it supplies
Respiratory Bronchiolar Unit
These fibers support the alveolar ducts
elastic and collagen fibers
Large clusters of alveoli that form the ends of alveolar ducts.
Alveolar sacs
This surrounds each alveolus which facilitates exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
a network of capillaries
It is responsible for the spongy structure of the lungs
alveoli
Sites of gas exchange
alveoli
The kind of blood contained by the capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood
The kind of blood contained by the alveoli
oxygenated blood
These connect neighboring alveoli that open to different bronchioles. It also equalize air pressure in these alveoli.
Alveolar pores
These connect neighboring alveoli that open to different bronchioles. It also equalize air pressure in these alveoli.
Alveolar pores
A cell that forms the alveoli that is extremely thin but continuous and not fenestrated.
Capillary endothelial cells
Line the alveolar surfaces and maintain the alveolar side of the blood-air barrier and fuse their basement mebrane with endothelial cells of the capillaries.
Type 1 alveolar cells
Refer to pulmonary surfactant
Type 2 alveolar cells
This is found in Type II Alveolar Cells that lowers tension at the air-epithelium interface, which helps prevent alveolar collapse at exhalation and allow alveoli to be inflated with less inspiratory force, easing the work of breathing.
Surfactant film
Composes the surfactant film.
lecithin and sphingomyelin
T or F
The lack of adequate surfactant doesn’t cause respiratory distress in premature neonates.
False. It is a major cause.
The leading cause of death in premature babies wherein there is a deficit of surfactant and difficulty in expanding the alveoli in breathing.
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
The infant respiratory distress syndrome is due to incomplete differentiation of ___________.
Type II alveolar cells
L/S (Lecithin-to-Sphingomyelin) ratio
2.0 - 2.5 (significant for appropriate fetal lung development)
A serous membrane that covers the lung’s outer surface and the internal wall of the thoracic cavity.
Pleura
Membrane attached to lung tissue
Visceral pleura
Membrane lining the thoracic walls
Parietal pleura
Between parietal and visceral layers is entirely lined with the mesothelial cells producing a thin film of serous fluid, which acts as a lubricant, facilitating the smooth sliding of one surface over the other during respiratory movements.
Pleural Cavity
What results to pleural effusion or fluid builup in the pleural cavity?
Shortness of breath leading to inflammed pleura
