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Histology Lecture > Neurons & Nervous System > Flashcards

Neurons & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

This where the nervous system develops

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

developmentally important cell that separates from the neuroepithelium and becomes mesenchymal

A

neural crest

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3
Q

Thickening of the embryo of ectoderm on the mid-dorsal side forms _____________

A

neural plate

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4
Q

functional unit in both the CNS and PNS

A

neurons

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5
Q

synthetic or trophic center for the entire neuron

A

cell body (perikaryon)

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6
Q

specialized to receive stimuli from other neurons at unique sites called synapses

A

dendrites

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7
Q

specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses to other cells

A

axon

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8
Q

receives information that modifies the transmission of action potentials to those neurons

A

axons

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9
Q

one axon, two or more dendrites

A

multipolar neurons

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10
Q

one dendrite and one axon

A

bipolar neurons

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11
Q

serve the senses of sight, smell, and balance

A

bipolar neurons

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12
Q

many dendrites, no true axon

A

anaxonic

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13
Q

receive stiumuli from the receptors throughout the body

A

sensory neurons

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14
Q

Sending impulses to effector organs

A

Motor neurons

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15
Q

SaMe

A

Sensory neurons (Afferent)
Motor neruons (Efferent)

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16
Q

Voluntary control, innervate most skeletal muscle

A

Somatic neurons

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17
Q

Involuntary activities, innervate glands cardiac muscle and most smooth muscle

A

automatic neurons

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18
Q

establish relationships among other neurons forming complex functional networks or circuits

A

interneuron

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19
Q

Interneuron are _______

multipolar
anaxonic

A

Either

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20
Q

metabolic center of the neuron

A

cell body (perikaryon)

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21
Q

Filaments abundant both in perikarya and processes

A

Intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Correct pair:

CNS - gray matter
Axons - gray matter
CNS - white matter
Axons - white matter

A

CNS - gray matter
Axons - white matter

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23
Q

short, small process emerging and branching off the soma

A

dendrites

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24
Q

serve as the initial processing sites for synaptic signals

A

dendritic spine

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25
Q

pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon where the axon of a neuron originates

A

axon hillock

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26
Q

plasma membrane of the axon

A

axolemma

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27
Q

contents of axon

A

axoplasm

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28
Q

small swelling found at the terminal ends of axons

A

terminal bouton

29
Q

contacts another neuron or non-nerve cell at a synapse to initiate an impulse in that cell

A

terminal bouton

30
Q

From cell body to axon terminals

A

anterograde transport

31
Q

Anterograde transport functions via a protein called ______

A

kinesin

32
Q

From the axon terminals to cell body

A

retrograde transport

33
Q

Retrograde transport function via a protein called ______

A

dynein

34
Q

Mode through which a neuron transports electric signals

A

nerve impulses

35
Q

Sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, or from neruons and other effector cells

A

synapses

36
Q

The structure of a synapse ensures that transmission is ___________.

A

unidirectional

37
Q

Bind specific receptor proteins to either open or close ion channels or initiate second-messenger cascades

A

neurotransmitters

38
Q

Axon forms a synapse with a cell body

A

axosomatic synapse

39
Q

Axon forms a synapse with a dendrite

A

axodentric synapse

40
Q

Axon forms synapse with another

A

axoaxonic synapse

41
Q

how many times are glial cells more abundant in the mammalian brain than the neurons

A

10 times

42
Q

support neuronal survival and activities

A

glial cells

43
Q

network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells

A

neurophil

44
Q

This staining of neurofibrils makes neurophil more apparent

A

gold staining

45
Q

provide the electrical insulation for neurons in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

46
Q

myelin sheaths surrounding axons are damaged by an autoimmune mechanism that interferes with the activity of the affects neurons and produces various neurologic problems

A

multiple sclerosis

47
Q

most numerous glial cells of the CNS and most diverse

A

astrocytes (star-shaped)

48
Q

Which among the choices are correct:

Typical in white matter - fibrous astrocytes
Predominate in the gray matter - protoplasmic

A

Both

49
Q

unique marker for astrocytes, most common source of brain tumors

A

glial fibrillary acid protein

50
Q
  1. facilitate movement of cerebrospinal fluid
  2. involved in absorption
A
  1. cilia
  2. microvilli
51
Q

major mechanism of immune defense in CNS

A

microglia

52
Q

Origin of microglia

A

circulating blood monocytes

53
Q

importantly allow axons for their myelination

A

schwann cells

54
Q

exert a trophic or supportive effect on these neurons, insulating, nourishing, and regulating their microenvironments

A

satellite cells

55
Q

where most synapses occur

A

gray matter

56
Q

containing very few neuronal cell bodies, but astrocytes and microglia are present

A

white matter

57
Q

integration of sensory information and the initiation of voluntary motor responses

A

cerebral cortex

58
Q

coordinates muscular activity throughout the body

A

cerebellar cortex

59
Q

generally shaped as letter H

A

spinal cord

60
Q

membranes of connective tissue found between the bone and nervous tissue

A

meninges

61
Q

A functional barrier that tightly regulates the passage of substance from blood CN

A

blood brain barrier

62
Q

main structural component in which the cells are tightly sealed together with well- developed occluding junctions and with little or no transcytosis activity

A

capillary endothelium

63
Q

Removes water from blood and release it as the CSF

A

villus

64
Q

serves to help absorb mechanical shocks

A

csf

65
Q

very important because it allows what is called the saltatory conduction (to jump) of nerve impulses, their rapid movement from node to node

A

myelination

66
Q

carry information from internal body regions and the environment

A

afferent fibers

67
Q

Carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs commanded by these centers

A

efferent

68
Q

Nerves composed only of fibers carrying impulses to the effector

A

motor nerves

69
Q

serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses

A

ganglia

Histology Lecture (9 decks)

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