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Histology Lecture > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

largest single organ of the body

A

skin

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2
Q

Lies beneath the dermis that is a loose connective tissue layer containing pads of adipocytes

A

subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

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3
Q

Extensions of the epidermis to the dermis

A

Epidermal ridges

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4
Q

Connects the dermis to the epidermis

A

Dermal papillae

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5
Q

A function of the skin that provides a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction and against most potential pathogens and other material.

A

Protective

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6
Q

A function of the skin that allows us to feel tactile objects

A

Sensory

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7
Q

A function of the skin that are mechanisms for accelarating heat loss (sweat production)

A

Thermoregulatory

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8
Q

A function of the skin where cells synthesize vitamin D3, needed in calcium metabolism and proper bone formation, through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor

A

Metabolic

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9
Q

A function of the skin where the effects of sex pheromones produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are important in attraction between sexes in all vertebrates.

A

sexual signaling

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10
Q

The epidermis is composed of cells called _____

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A

langerhan cells

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12
Q

pigment-producing cells

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

tactile epithelial cells

A

merkel cells

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14
Q

single layer of basophilic cuboidal or columnar cells characterized by intense mitotic activity

A

Stratum basale

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15
Q

The important feature of the stratum basale

A

cytoskeletal keratins

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16
Q

Source of alive skin cells

A

Stratum basale

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17
Q

Refers to the thickest layer where synthesis of much keratin and other proteins takes place

A

Stratum spinosum

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18
Q

Prickle cells

A

Stratum spinosum

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19
Q

Its synthesis would give the cell a spiny extension

A

Stratum spinosum

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20
Q

Precursor for keratin

A

Tonofibrils

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21
Q

Microscopically visible bundles where keratin filaments assembles which converge and terminate at the numerous desmosomes holding the cell layers together

A

Tonofibrils

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22
Q

Consists of three to five layers of flattened cells, now undergoing the terminal differentiation process of keratinization

A

Stratum granulosum

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23
Q

Characteristic features in cells of the granular layer also include Golgi-derived ________ granules

A

lamellar

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24
Q

The precursor of protein filaggrin which is important in the aggregation of keratin granules that undergo exocytosis, producing a lipid-rich, impermeable layer around the cells

A

Lamellar granules

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25
Q

This material forms a major part of the skin’s barrier against water loss

A

Lamellar granules

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26
Q

This consists of a thin, translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes held together by desmosomes that is considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum.

A

Stratum lucidum

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27
Q

Stratum lucidum is well seen in ______.

A

Thick skin

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28
Q

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

A

Stratum corneum

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28
Q

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

A

Stratum corneum

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28
Q

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

A

Stratum corneum

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29
Q

The most differentiated cells in the skin having layers of squamous, keratinized cells filled with birefringent filamentous keratins

A

Stratum corneum

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29
Q

Predominant cell type of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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30
Q

Produce and distribute melanin into keratinocytes

A

Melenocytes

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31
Q

A transmembrane enzyme in Golgi-derived vesicles that catalyzes the first step in melanin synthesis

A

tyrosinase

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32
Q

Tyrosinase activity converts tyrosine into _____________which is then further transformed and polymerized into the different forms of melanin

A

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

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33
Q

Melanin pigment is linked to a matrix of structural proteins and accumulates in the vesicles until they form mature elliptical granules about 1-μm long called ________.

A

melanosomes

34
Q

Derived from monocytes, dendritic appearing, antigen presenting cells in the epidermis

A

Langerhans cells

35
Q

It possesses characteristic, tennis racquet- shaped Birbeck granules

A

Langherhans cells

36
Q

Epithelial tactile cells

A

Merkel cells

37
Q

Low-threshold mechanoreceptors essential for sensing gentle touch

A

Merkel Cells

38
Q

A type of cell that is abundant in highly sensitive skin like that of fingertips and at the basses of some hair follicles

A

merkel cells

39
Q

A layer of connective tissue that supports the epidermis and binds it to the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

A

Dermis

40
Q

Lies between the papillary and reticular dermal layers from which capillary branches extend into the dermal papillae and form a rich, nutritive capillary network just below the epidermis.

A

microvascular subpapillary plexus

41
Q

peg-and-socket variety in most skin

A

dermal-epidermal interdigitations

42
Q

more subject to friction

A

palms and soles

43
Q

Combinations of loops, arches, and whorls that is also known as fingerprints and footprints

A

dermatoglyphs

44
Q

This thin sublayer of the dermis consists of loose connective tissue, with types I and III collagen fibers, fibroblasts and scattered mast cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes. From this layer, anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen insert into the basal lamina, helping to bind the dermis to the epidermis.

A

Papillary layer

45
Q

This much thicker sublayer of the dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue (mainly bundles of type I collagen), with more fibers and fewer cells than the papillary layer.

A

Reticular layer

46
Q

A network of elastic fibers is also present in this type of dermis sublayer providing elasticity to the skin.

A

Reticular layer

47
Q

In the reticular layer of the dermis sublayer, between the collagen and elastic fibers are abundant ______ rich in dermatan sulfate.

A

proteoglycans

48
Q

Consists of loose connective tissue that binds the skin loosely to the subjacent organs, making it possible for the skin to slide over them

A

Hypodermis or superficial fascia

49
Q

Promotes rapid uptake of insulin or drugs injected into this tissue

A

Extensive vascular supply

50
Q

Receivers for various stimuli from the environment

A

Sensory receptors

51
Q

The following are unencapsulated sensory receptors, except:

A. Merkel Cells
B. Free nerve endings
C. Root hair plexuses
D. Meissner corpuscles

A

D. Meissner corpuscles

52
Q

The following are encapsulated sensory receptors, except:

A. Meissner corpuscles
B. Ruffini corpuscles
C. Lamellated corpuscles
D. Krause end bulbs
E. NOTA

A

E. NOTA

53
Q

Tonic receptors for sustaned light touch and for sensing an object’s texture

A

Merkel cells

54
Q

Most numerous neuronal receptors in the epidermis that respond primarily to high and low temperatures, pain, and itching, but also function as tactile receptors

A

Free nerve endings

55
Q

A web of sensory fibers surrounding the bases of hair follicles in the retricular dermis that detects movements of the hairs

A

root hair plexuses

56
Q

All phasic mechanoreceptors responding rapidly to stimuli on the skin

A

Encapsulated

57
Q

Elliptical structures, consisting of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged perpendicular to the epidermis in the dermal papillae

A

Meissner corpuscles

58
Q

Touch receptors that are responsive to low frequency stimuli in the papillary layer of hairless skin (lips, palms, fingertips) but decline slowly during aging after puberty

A

Meissner corpuscles

59
Q

The wall of the rectum and urinary bladder where they produce the sensation of pressure when the surrounding tissue is distorted.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

60
Q

Specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibrations, with distortion of the capsule amplifying a mechanical stimulus to the axonal core where an impulse is initiated.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

61
Q

Simpler encapsulated, ovoid structures with extremely thin, collagenous capsules penetrated by a sensory fiber found primarily in the skin of the penis and clitoris where they sense low frequency vibrations and cold temperature

A

Krause end bulbs (genital corpuscles)

62
Q

Having sensory axons stimulated by stretch (tension) or twisting (torque) in the skin: E.g. pinching someone. It can also detect warm temperature.

A

Ruffini corpuscles

63
Q

Elongated keratinized structures that form within epidermal invagination the hair follicles

A

Hair

64
Q

the terminal dilation of a growing hair follicle

A

hair bulb

65
Q

this is required to sustain the hair follicle

A

capillary network

66
Q

A part of a hair extending beyond the skin surface

A

hair shaft

67
Q

T or F. Hairs grow discontinuously, with periods of growth followed by periods of rest, and this growth occurs synchronously in all regions of the body or even in the same area.

A

False. It does not occur synchronously in all regions of the body or even in the same area

68
Q

Hair growth cycle major phase:

a period of growth

A

anagen

69
Q

Hair growth cycle major phase:

a period where growth is halt

A

catagen

70
Q

Hair growth cycle major phase:

A final long period of inactivity or long rest period during which the hair may be shed

A

telogen

71
Q

In most thick hairs, this is being formed by the large, vacuolated, and moderately keratinized cells of the hair root.

A

central medulla

72
Q

These make up the cortex around the medulla.

A

Heavily keratinized, densely packed cells

73
Q

Covers the cortex

A

cuticle

74
Q

Hard palates of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx

A

nail

75
Q

Embedded in the dermis over most of the body, except in the skin of the palms and soles.

A

Sebaceous glands

76
Q

A hair follicle and its associated sebaceous glands make up a _________ unit.

A

pilosebaceous

77
Q

Cells of the sebaceous glands

A

sebocytes

78
Q

Refers to an oil release from sebaceous gland

A

Sebum

79
Q

A complex mixture of lipids that includes wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and triglycerides that are hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes after secretion.

A

Sebum

80
Q

T or F. Secretion from sebaceous glands increases greatly at puberty, stimulated primarily by testosterone in men and by ovarian and adrenal androgens in women.

A

True

81
Q

Helps maintain the stratum corneum and hair shafts and exerts weak antibacterial and antifungal properties

A

Sebum

82
Q

A type of sweat gland that is widely distributed in the skin and are most numerous on the foot soles.

A

Eccrine Sweat glands

83
Q

A physiologic response to increased body temperature during physical exercise or thermal stress that is the most effective means of temperature regulation of humans

A

Sweating

84
Q

The development of this type of sweat glands depend on sex hormones and is not complete and functional until after puberty.

A

Apocrine sweat glands

85
Q

What is being referred to below:

sweat pore; stratified cuboidal

A

eccrine

86
Q

What is being referred to below:

hair shaft; simple cuboidal; larger lumen

A

apocrine

Histology Lecture (9 decks)

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