Connective Tissue Flashcards
Identify the location of the cell:
Macrophage (histiocyte)
Connective tissue
T or F. Bone remodeling is continuous throughout life and involves a process of bone resorption and bone formation.
True
Identify the location of the cell:
Dendritic cell
lymph nodes, spleen
Play an important role in stabilizing the ECM and linking it to the cell surface. It also possess binding sites for a variety of ECM proteins such as collagens, proteoglycans, and GAGs.
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
Identify the location of the cell:
Fibroblast-derived macrophage
Lamina propria of intestine, endometrium of uterus
These are commonly known as the “fat cell” which are large, mesenchymally derived cells which are specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for the production of heat.
Adipocytes
Identify the location of the cell:
Perisinusoidal (Kupffer cells)
Liver
Where do mast cells originate?
From progenitor cells in the bone marrow
A disease characterized bby a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers.
Marfan syndrome
These are enucleated, flexible biconcave discs that make up the hematocrit portion (45%) of a blood sample
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Identify the location of the cell:
Microglia
Central nervous system
Refers to a group of related congenital disorders in which the osteoblasts produce deficient amounts of type 1 collagen or defective type 1 collagen due to genetic mutations.
Osteogenesis imperfecta “brittle bone disease”
Give four resident cells.
Mesenchymal cell
Macrophage
Adipocyte
Fibroblast
These undifferentiated cells and have large nuclei, with prominents nucleoli and fine chromatin. They are “spindle-shaped”, with their scant cytoplasm extended as two or more thin cytoplasmic processes.
Mesenchymal Cells
When macrophages are stimulated (by injection of foreign substances or by infection), they change their morphologic characteristics and properties, becoming ____________________.
Activated macrophages
The most common form of cartilage that are usually found in movable joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ventral ends of ribs, epiphyseal plates of long bones.
Hyaline cartilage
A type of connective tissue that adapts to offer stress resistance and protection. It has the same components found in loose connective tissue, but with fewer cells and a clear predominance of collagen fibers over ground substance. It is also less flexible when compared to loose connective tissue.
Dense Connective Tissue
It has an eccentrically located, oval or kidney-shaped nucleus.
Macrophage
A preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production
Endochonral ossification
What is the liquid portion of circulating blood?
Plasma
The presence of this type of cartilage makes it possible for longitudinal bone growth.
Hyaline cartilage
What type of collagen do reticular fibers usually consist of?
Type III collagen
This provides smooth, low-friction surfaces in joints; structural support for respiratory tract
Hyaline cartilage
Dense irregular and dense regular connective tissue varies in ________
the amounts of collagen present
Make up a population of wandering cells in connective tissues. They leave the blood by migrating between endothelial cells lining venules to enter connective tissue by a process called diapedesis.
Leukocytes
This serves as the supportive stroma for the parenchymal secretory cells and rich microvasculature of the liver and endocrine glands.
Reticular fibers
T or F. Macrophages and white blood cells are both examples of wandering cell population.
True
It fills the space between cells and fibers in connective tissue and, because it is viscous, acts as both a lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of invaders.
Ground substance
This process increases greatly during inflammation, which is a vascular and cellular defensive response to injury or foreign substances, including pathogenic bacteria or irritating chemical substances.
Diapedesis
These are elongated, spindly connective tissue cell note readily identifiable in routine H&E preparations.
Myofibroblast
Fenestrated sheets found in the wall of large blood vessels, especially arteries.
Elastic lamellae
Where are plasma cells derived?
B lymphocytes
Mucoid tissue can be found in these locations except:
A. umbilical cord
B. NOTC
C. pulp cavities of young teeth
D. wharton’s jelly
B. NOTC
A tissue that doesn’t receive any blood supply (avascular) that consists of chrondocytes and an extensive ECM.
Cartilage
The excessive accumulation of water in the extracellular spaces of connective tissue. This wateer comes from the blood, passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation and normally producing slight swelling.
Edema
A fibrous connective tissue capsule that cover the outer surface of the bone.
Periosteum
This provides a matrix that supports and physically connects the other tissues and cells together in organs.
Connective tissue
It synthesizes and secrete collagen and elastin which form large fibers, as wells as the GAGs, proteoglycans, & multiadhesive glycoproteins that comprise the ground substance.
Fibroblast
The phenomenon by which specific cell types are attracted by specific molecules & draws much larger number of leukocytes into inflammed tissues.
Chemotaxis
Largest, almost unique, and most ubiquitous GAG that forms a dense, viscous network of polymers, which binds a considerable amount of water, giving it an important role in allowing diffusion of molecules in connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.
Hyaluronic acid
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Various immune/defense functions
Lymphocytes
Secretion of calcium and promotion of calcification is a function of the bone’s _____________
multiadhesive proteoglycan (osteopontin)
This is the major constituent of the connective tissue which consist of different combinations of protein fibers (such as collagens and elastic fibers) and ground substance.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
Roles in the local inflammatory response,innate immunity, and tissue repair
Mast cells
Which among the choices are correctly paired?
A. White adipose tissue - multilocular
B. Brown adipose tissue - multilocular
C. White adipose tissue - unilocular
D. Brown adipose tissue - unilocular
Both B and C
What is the average lifespan of plasma cells in most connective tissues?
10- 20 days
T or F. Mature RBCs are nucleotides.
True
Allow tissues to respond to stretch and
distension.
Elastic fibers
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Storage of neutral fats
Adipocytes
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Antibodies
Plasma cells
Elastin molecules are rich in _______, ________, and _______, giving much of the protein a random-coil conformation (like that of natural rubber)
glycine, proline, lysine
Present in the ECM of bone that binds osteoclasts and attaches them to the underlying bone surface. It plays and important role in sequestering calcium and promoting calcification of the ECM.
Osteopontin
One of the best known proteoglycans that are very large (250 kDa), with a core protein bearing many chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains.
Aggrecan
Spaces within the bone matrix, each of which contains a bone cell.
Lacunae
Identify the location of the cell:
Osteoclast
Bone
Location of fibrocartilage in adults.
Intervetebral discs
attachments of certain ligaments
public symphysis
T or F. In adults, the amount and activity of brown fat are lower in lean individuals.
False. It is higher in lean individuals
Differentiated bone-forming cell that secretes bone matrix.
osteoblasts
combination of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue with gradual transitions between these tissues
fibrocartilage
A sulfated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant
Heparin
Locations of white adipose tissues.
subcutaneous layer of connective tissue
mammary fat pad
around kidneys
bone marrow
palms of hands & soles of feet
beneath visceral pericardium
orbits around the eyeballs
T or F. The layer of articular cartilage within joints usually persists through adult life and contributes to bone growth
False. It doesn’t contribute to bone growth
Where do connective tissues originate?
Mesenchyme
What is the main function of the multilocular adipose cells?
Produce heat by nonshivering thermogenesis
This consists primarily of cells that have migrated into the tissue from the blood in responses to specific stimuli.
Wandering Cell Population
A key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes and the external laminae of muscle and nerve cells. It is extremely strong and resistant to normal shearing and tearing forces.
Collagen
These serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs.
Adipocytes
The accumulation in large numbers of adipocytes.
adipose tissue
Mast cells that line the digestive and respiratory tracts
Mucosal mast cells
These are macrophages in the liver.
Kupffer cells
Identify the location of the cell:
Macrophages
spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and thymus
This activate various mediators of inflammation
Serine proteases
The color of this type of adipose tissue depends on the diet, varying from white to yellow with the amount of carotenoids dissolved in the lipid.
White adipose tissue
These are thinner than the type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs, particularly those subject to much bending or stretching. It has physical properties similar to those of
rubber, allowing tissues to be stretched or distended and return to their original.
Elastic fibers
Locations of reticular tissue.
bone marrow
spleen
lymph nodes
It is composed of fibroblasts and other cells and an extracellular matrix of various protein fibers, all of which are surrounded by watery ground substance.
Connective tissue
A type of connective tissue that has thin and relatively sparse collagen fibers where there are fewer collagen fibers but more cells. It is also flexible and not very resistant to stress.
Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar Tissue)
Provides flexible shape and support of soft tissues
Elastic cartilage
Elongated structures formed from proteins that polymerize after secretion from fibroblasts.
Fibers
Specialized niched in which erythroid precursors proliferate, differentiate, and enucleate
Erythropoeitic islands
Polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and
other cells of the immune system
Cytokines
A local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin.
keloid
Location of mucoid tissue.
umbilical cord
fetal organs
Locations of dense regular tissue.
Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses
“Murag sabaw kay very dominant and water molecule” hehe
Ground substance
T or F. Reticular fibers are seldom visible in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) preparations but are characteristically stained black by impregnation with silver salts and are termed argyrophilic.
True
Composed of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs. These are synthesized on RER, mature in the Golgi, where the GAG side chains are added, and secreted from cells by exocytosis.
Proteoglycans
Macrophages present in the connective tissue of most organs are sometimes referred to by pathologists as __________________.
histiocytes
Where are chondrocytes located?
Matrix cavities called lacunae
What is the other term for wandering cell population?
Transient Cell Population
It regulates and modulates functions of the ECM related to cell movement and cell migration. It also stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation.
Multiadhesive glycoproteins
A term used to denote the active cell which has more abundant and irregularly branched cytoplasm, containing much RER and a well developed golgi apparatus, with a large, ovoid, euchromatic nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.
Active fibroblast
It serves as a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled fashion to maintain constant concentrations in body fluids.
Bone
What are the four major GAGs found in proteoglycans? (DeCho KeraH)
dermatan sulfate
chondroitin sulfates
keratan sulfate
heparan sulfate
What type of WBC is being referred to?
Faint pink cytoplasmic granules that contain many factors for highly efficient phagolysosomal killing & removal of bacteria. It is also the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells using chemotaxis.
Neutrophils
These are fibroblasts involved in wound healing which have a well-developed contractile function and are enriched with a form of actin also found in smooth muscle cells.
Myofibroblasts
T or F. Antibody-antigen reaction doesn’t neutralize harmful effects caused by antigens.
False. They neutralize.
It maintains the calcified matrix and receive nutrients from microvasculature in the central canals of the osteons via very small channels called canaliculi that interconnect the lacunae.
Osteocytes
Responsible for bone resorption.
Osteoclasts
These attract those leukocytes and signal other white blood cells
Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors
Refers to the key regulators of the body’s over all energy metabolism; fills up spaces between other tissues and helps cushion and keep some organs in place, and help shape the body surface, where pad-like deposits act as shock absorbers, chiefly in the soles and palms
Adipose tissue
sheath of dense con nective tissue that surrounds cartilage in most places, forming an interface between the cartilage and the tissues supported by the cartilage
perichondrium
How does cartilage receive its nurtrients?
by diffusion from capillaries of its adjacent tissues
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen
processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents
Macrophages
Because of their high content of acidic radicals in their sulfated GAGs, they display metachromasia, which means that they can change the color of some basic dyes.
Mast cells
This used to denote quiscent cells which is usually spindle-shaped with fewer processess, much less RER, and a dark, more heterochromatic nucleus.
Fibrocyte
This forms the temporary skeleton that is gradually replaced by bone.
hyaline cartilage
What type of collagen occurs as fibrils but does not form fibers or bundles?
Collagen type II
Where megakaryopoeisis takes place
sinus endothelium
What group of WBC do the following belong:
lymphocytes, moocytes
agranulocytes
If you’re happy and you know it, clap your hands.
— fighting future RMT!
Mast cells that are numerous near small blood vessels in skin and mesenteries.
Perivascular mast cells
Small channels that interconnects the lacunae
Canaliculi
This acts as the binding tissue of the other types of tissue. It maintains the form of organs throughout the body.
Connective Tissue
Identify the location of the cell:
Langerhan’s cell
Epidermis
Most abundant type of WBC
Neutrophils
This gives metabolic support to cells as the medium for difussion of nutrients and waste products.
Interstitial fluid
These are sheet-forming collagen which assemble as a latticelike network in epithelial basal laminae
Collagen type IV
Locations of elastic cartilage:
ear
epiglottis
cuneiform cartilage in the larynx
auricle of the ear
walls of the external auditory canals
These are the most common cells in connective tissue. It is responsible for producing and maintaining most of the tissue’s extracellular components.
Fibroblast
Precursors for conversion to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory response
Phospholipid
It plays a role in calcium homeostasus and as sensors for detection of mechanical stresses on bone, which is also important in directing bone remodeling.
Osteocytes
These generally have a well-developed Golgi apparatus and many lysosome
Macrophages
Also called growth plate
epiphyseal plate
What is the most abundant proteoglycan of hyaline cartilage?
Aggrecan
It is filled with hemoglobin for the uptake, transport, and release of oxygen.
Erythrocytes (RBC)
This promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction (broncho-constrictor)
Histamine
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Pharmacologically active molecules (eg, histamine)
Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes
Provide a supporting franework for the celullar constituents of various tissues and organs
Reticular fibers
A spongelike meshwork consisting of trabeculae (thin, anastomosing spicules of bone tissue) forming the interior of the bone
Spongy bone
They originate locally from mesenchymal cells and are permanent residents of the connective tissue.
Fibroblasts
Whast are typically present in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts and certain other cells
These cells are relatively stable they exhibit little movement and can be regarded as permanenet residents of the tissue.
Resident Cell Population
Rarest type of circulating WBC containing factors important in allergies & chronic inflammatory conditions, including
histamines, heparin, chemokines, and various hydrolases.
Basophils
It is the most abundant glycoprotein in connective
tissue that provides specific binding sites for integrins. It is important for cell adhesion and cellular migration through the ECM.
Fibronectin
This is present in basal and external laminae that possesses binding sites for collagen type IV molecules, heparan sulfate, heparin, entactin, laminin, and the laminin receptor on the cell surface.
Laminin
Identify the location of the cell:
Pleural and peritoneal macrophage
Serous cavities
Identify the location of the cell:
Fetal Placenta antigen-presenting cell (Hofbauer cell)
Placenta
Its round nuclei frequently show peripheral clumps of heterochromatin, giving the structure a “clock-face” appearance.
Plasma Cells
Macrophages in the nervous tissue
Microglia
The feature that distinguishes bone from other connective tissue.
The mineralization of its matrix
Characterized by their well-developed phagocytic ability and specialize in turnover of protein fibers and removal of apoptotic cells/dead cells, tissue debris, or other particulate material, being especially abundant at sites of inflammation.
Macrophages
A compact, dense layer forming the outside of the bone
Compact bone
Small proteoglycan which has few GAG side chains and binds fibrils of type I collagen
Decorin
What group of WBC do the following belong:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
granulocytes
Cell surface proteoglycans that have transmembrane core proteins and serve as additional attachments of the cell to the ECM.
Syndecan
When adequately stimulated, macrophages may increase in size and fuse to form _______________, usually found only
pathologic conditions.
multinuclear giant cells
What is the reason behind the color of brown adipose tissue or brown fat?
very abundant mitochondria containing cytochrome pigment
Occur in the reticular lamina of basement membranes and typically also surround adipocytes, smooth muscle and nerve fibers, and small blood vessels
Reticular Fibers
Agranulocytes w/ many functions as T-and B- & Natural killer cell subtypes in the immune system
Lymphocytes (Robin’s egg)
A specialized connective tissue composed of calcified extracellular material that provides solid support for the body, protects vital organs, harbors cavities containing bone marrow where blood cells are formed.
Bone
What is being described:
- Characterized by ordered and densely
packed arrays of fibers and cells - They are white in the fresh state and almost
inextensible - Separated by very little ground substance
- Strong, flexible straps or cords that hold
together components of the musculoskeletal
system
Dense regular connective tissue
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Modulate allergic/vasoactive reactions and defense against parasites
Eosinophillic leukocytes
This is the most abundant protein of the body
collagen
A type of adipose tissue that is specialized for relatively long-term energy storage. It also plays a role in the insulation, cushioning of vital organs, and secretion of hormones.
White adipose tissue
Blood macrophages that circulate as precursors of macrophages & other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Monocytes
A process where platelets are expelled through shedding.
pro platelet process
This is a tissue developing mainly from the middle layer of the embryo, the mesoderm, which consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers.
Mesenchyme
Where platelets are derived:
megakaryocytes in bone marrow
This constitutes 2% to 5% of the newborn body weight, located mainly in the back, neck, and shoulders, but it is greatly reduced during childhood and adolescence.
Brown adipose tissue
Multinucleated, giant cells involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue
Osteoclasts
What links GAGs to each other?
proteoglycans
What composes the ECM?
Fibers and ground substance
What is being described below:
- tough, flexible form of connective tissue, characterized by an extracellular matrix (ECM) with high concentrations of GAGs and proteoglycans, which interact with collagen
and elastic fibers - allows the tissue to bear mechanical stresses without permanent distortion
- provides shock absorbing and sliding regions within joints and facilitates bone movements
cartilage
Its rapid degranulation on contact w/ collagen
triggers blood clotting.
Platelets
Osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid.
Intramembranous ossification
What is the most abundant collagen that assembles to form extremely strong fibrils that may be further bundled by linking collagens and proteoglycans?
Collagen type I
Identify the location of the cell:
Alveolar macrophage
Lungs
This is a complex of anionic, hydrophillic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others)
Ground substance
It forms a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
Reticular tissue
This refers to allergic reactions that occur within a few minutes after the appearance of an antigen in an individual previously sensitized to the same or a very similar antigen.
immediate hypersensitivity reaction
Cells that bind the IgE
Mast cells
lymphocyte–derived, antibody-producing cells
plasma cells
It appears during embryogenesis, but its synthesis is switched off in mature tissues. However, it reappears during wound healing and is also found within musculotendinous junctions and malignant tumor.
Tenascin
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Extracellular fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts (fibrocytes)
Where all blood cells arise from.
pluripotent stem cell (in the bone marrow)
What cell in the connective tissue is being described based on the major product or activity stated below:
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Neutrophilic leukocytes
A type of WBC containing factors for destruction of helminthic parasites & for modulating inflammation.
Eosinophils
A highly hydrated, transparent, complex mixture of macromolecules.
Ground substance
