Respiratory System Flashcards
Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via blood stream
Respiratory Gas Transport
Act of moving air in and out of the lungs. Commonly called breathing
Ventilation (Pulmonary Ventilation)
Only law that explains or governs the ventilation.
“As we inhale, the air go inside of the lungs and as we exhale the air goes outside the lungs.
Boyle’s law
Pulmonary blood flow (5-6L/ min)
Perfusion
Which part of the lungs has the greatest perfusion
Base of the lungs (Upright)
Normal ventilation- perfusion ratio
0.8 or 80%
Gas exchange
Respiration
2 types of gas exchange (respiration)
Internal and External respiration
Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
External Respiration
Gas exchange between capillaries and tissues
Internal Respiration
Final line of defense for respiratory system. Found in alveoli and also known as dust cells.
(Picks out most of the bacteria)
Alveolar Macrophages
Forms most of the alveolar wall and produces lipid molecule called surfactant (coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces.)
Cuboidal Surfactant- secreting cells
Movement occurs toward the lower concentration to higher concentration
Diffusion
Give the organs of the respiratory tract
Upper
- Nose
- Pharynx (Naso, Oro, and Laryngo)
- Larynx
Lower (Tracheobronchial Tree)
Conducting Zone
-Trachea
-Main Bronchi
- Lobar Bronchi
- Segmental Bronchi
- Terminal Bronchi
Respiratory Zone
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
- Capillaries
The only externally visible part of the system. Large and has mucosal surface. Functions to filter and humidify air. Has vibrissae
Nose
Hair in the nose that filters and humidifies the air
Vibrissae
Both a respi and GI organ. A muscular passageway about 13 cm long. Aka throat and has 3 parts.
Pharynx
3 part of pharynx
Nasopharynx (same function as the nose)
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx (conduits of air)
Voice box. Responsible for voice and sound production. Ensures that air will pass through the trachea. Common site for emergency intubation
Larynx
Give the 9 cartilages of Larynx
Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid (2), Corniculate (2), Cuneiform (2), and Epiglottis
Guardian of the airways and protects the opening of the larynx
Epiglottis
Windpipe. 10-12 cm or about 4 inches. C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and most common site of intubation.
Trachea
Has carina and Right bronchi
Main bronchi
Where main bronchi divides
Carina
Common resting place for large aspirated object
Right Bronchi
Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right bronchi
Left Bronchi
Acinus, functional unit of the lungs
Respiratory Zone
300 million in total in both lungs. Structural unit of the lungs
Alveoli
Occupies the thoracic cavity and divided into 4 lobes
Lungs
Covers the lungs and its fissures, sensitive to stretch
Visceral pleura
Covers the inside part of the thoracic wall and sensitive to pain
Parietal Pleura
Lubricates the plurae and is also a shock absorber
Pleural Fluid
Pressure found inside the pleural space
Negative Pressure
Normal pressure inside the pleural space
-4mmHG
Cells in the lungs
Type 1 and 2
Flat cells lining the alveoli
Type 1 cells
synthesizes surfactant (reduces surface tension and prevents lung collapse)
Type 2 cells
Protects the lungs
Thoracic Wall (Ribcage)
Boundaries of the Thoracic Wall
Anterior (Sternum) Posterior (Thoracic Vertebrae) Lateral (Ribs) Superior (Thoracic Outlet) Inferior (Diaphragm)
Thoracic Cage Mechanism
Pump Handle Motion
Bucket Handle Motion
Caliper Motion
Piston Action
Increases anterior- posterior diameter of thorax. Structure involved are sternum and Ribs 1-6
Pump Handle Motion
Increases lateral diameter of thorax. Structure involve are ribs 7-8
Bucket Handle Motion
Increases intercostal spaces. Structure involve ribs 8-12
Caliper Motion
Action of the diaphragm muscle. Inhale: downward and outward Exhale: upward and inward
Piston Action
Diaphragm and external intercostal are involved in this respiration
Relaxed Inspiration
Use of accessory muscle (SUPAS) of respiration.
Forces Inspiration
No muscle involved.(Elastic and passive recoil of lungs and thorax)
Relaxed Expiration
Muscle involved in this expiration are ASI (abdominals, serratus posterior inferior, and internal intercostals
Forced Expiration
controls of respiration
Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Group
Pneumotaxic Center
Apneustic Center
Chemoreceptor
Located in dorsal medulla, and is responsible for INSPIRATION and rhythm of respiration. (Inspiratory Ramp Signal 2 sec on and 3 sec off)
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DIN)
Located in ventro lateral medulla and reponsible for expiration and sligh inspiration. Responsible for Expiration
Ventral Respiratory group (VEX)
Located in the upper pons. Limits inspiration by switching off the inspiratory ramp signal. Controls rate and depth
Pneumotaxic Center
Located in the lower pons. Prevents switching off of inspi ramp signal. Contradicts Pneumotaxic Center
Apneustic Center
Located in ventral medulla and is stimulated by increased hydrogen ions
Chemoreceptor (Central)
Located in carotid and aortic bodies and is stimulated by decrease Pa02 and increase in PaCO2 and acidosis
Chemoreceptor Peripheral
Non neural Factors
Physical Factor (Increase in body tempt)
Volition (Conscious Control)
Emotional Factor
Diaphragm movement when inhaling and exhaling
Inhale- contract and move downward
Exhale- relaxes and move up
