Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Heart
-Cone Shaped
- Inverted Pyramid
- Blunted Cone
- Small, same as closed fist
Where does the heart rest and is located?
Rests: Diaphragm
Located in mediastinum (mass of tissue)
(2/3 of the heart points at the right of the body)
Broad portion, posterior superior, and points to the right. 2nd to 3rd rib.
Base
Pointed end and anterior inferior. Points towards left and 5th level of the rib
Apex
Fibrous connective tissue that envelopes the heart. Aka pericardial sac.
Pericardium
Protects the heart from trauma and infection.
Pericardium
2 layers of Pericardium
- Fibrous Pericardium
- Serous Pericardium
a. Visceral Serous Pericardium
b. Parietal Serous Pericardium
Layer of pericardium that prevents overstretching of the heart. Anchors the heart to the mediastenum.
Fibrous Pericardium
Layer of Serous Pericardium. Adheres tightly to the heart. Aka epicardium.
Visceral Serous Pericardium
Layer of Serous Pericardium that adheres tightly to the fibrous pericardium.
Parietal Serous Pericardium
Decreases friction in the heart. (50 mL) Located between visceral and parietal serous pericardium.
Pericardial Fluid
Surfaces of the Heart
- Anterior Surface (Sternocostal Surface) RA+ RV
- Posterior Surface (Base) RA+ LA
- Inferior Surface (Diaphragmatic Surface) RV + LV
Heart Walls
- Epicardium- Superficial Layer
- Myocardium- Thick middle layer
- Endocardium- Deep layer lining of the valves of the heart
Its anterior wall are rough because of pectinate muscle. Receiving chambers of the heart.
Atria (2)
Openings of the Atria
Right
- Superior Vena Cava
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Coronary Sinus
Left
- Pulmonary Veins
Has Trabeculae Carnae and Papillary Muscle. Pumping chambers of the ventricles.
Ventricles
Ridges of the cardiac muscle fiber
Trabeculae Carnae
Cone shape structure of traberculae carnae. This is where chordae tendinae is attached.
Papillary Muscle
Prevents the back flow of blood
Heart Valves
Heart Valves
A. Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid
B. Semilunar (SL) Valve
- Pulmonic
- Aortic
Great Controlling System of the Heart
A. Autonomic Nervous System
1. Sympathetic
2. Para Sympathetic
B. Conducting Zone
1. SA Node (Sinoatrial/ Sinus Node)
2. AV (Atrioventricular) Node
3. Bundle of His
4. Purkinje Fiber
Located in the Right Atrium and initiates depolarization
SA (Sinoatrial) Node or Sinus Node
Located behind the tricuspid valve. Site for heart block.
AV (Atrioventricular) Node
Located in the IV septum. Conducts from the atrium to the ventricles and primary pacemaker of the heart.
Bundle of His
15/40x per minute. Surround 2 ventricles. Largest pacemaker of the heart. Conducts AP beginning at the apex upward to the ventricular myocardium
Purkinje Fiber
Divides the chamber of the heart
Septum
Septums of the Heart
- Atrioventricular Septum (ventricles and atria)
- Interatrical Septum (Atria)
- Interventricular Septum (Ventricles)
Pumping action of the heart
Diastole and Systole
Ventricular Relaxation. Ventricles must stretch to accommodate the ventricular filling
Diastole
Ventricular Contraction. Ventricles must be able to contract to eject the stroke volume.
Systole
When increase quantities of blood flow into the heart, the increased blood stretches the walls of the heart chambers.
Frank- Starling Law
Cardiac Cycle
A. Diastole
- Period of Rapid Filling
B. Systole
- Period of Isovolmic Contraction
- Period of Ejection
- Period of Isovolmic Relaxation
Period where the blood flows passively from atria to ventricles
Period of Rapid Filling of Ventricle (Diastole)
Blood flow in Diastole
First 1/3 (75%) of blood flow from atrium to ventricles
Middle 3rd- Continuous blood flow
Last 1/3 (25) flow from atrium to ventricles by atrial kick (contracts minimally to get the last blood
Valves in Diastole
Atrioventricular Valve is Open while Sinular Valve is Close
(Ventricles are relaxed and do not contract. FLOW only)
Period where the blood is already in the ventricles. There is also an increase in ventricular pressure in order to close the AV valve. Contraction will happen but there is no emptying yet.
AV AND SL VALVES ARE CLOSED
Period of Isovolmic Contraction (Systole)
Period of Ejection
Afterload
- Ventricular force to open the SL Valves
RV- 8 mmHg (Pulmonary Artery)
LV- 80 mmHg (Aorta)
Blood flow in Period Of Ejection (Systole)
First 1/3 of Ejection
- 70% of blood is ejected to pulmonary artery and aorta
Last 2/3 of Ejection
- 30% blood is ejected yo pulmonary artery and aorta
AV valves are closed and SL Valves Open
Period where the blood is in the blood vessels. There is a decrease in ventricular pressure to close the SL valves.
SL AND AV Valves are closed but will eventually open to start new filling.
Period of Isovolmic Relaxation (Systole)
Heart sound that is
- Longer
- Louder
- Lower in pitch
- Caused by the closure of AV valves
- Beginning of the ventricular Systole
S1 (LUB)
Heart sound that is
- Shorter
- Not loud as S1
- Caused by the closure of SL Valves
- Beginning of Ventricular Diastole
S2 (DuB
Abnormal heart sound that is cause by the rapid filling of Ventricles. CBF. Ventricular Gallop. Rapid filling in Systole
S3
Heart sound that is atrial systole and causes Heart Attach and Hypertension. Atrial Gallop
S4
Systolic and Diastolic Pressure
Systolic (Highest Arterial Pressure)120mmHG
Diastolic (Lowest Arterial Pressure)
80 mmHG
Normal BP 120/80
Heart Rate and Pulse Rate
Heart Rate (N= 60-100 Beats per Minute)
Pulse Rate SBp- DBP
Average pressure of peripheral pulse
N= 40 mmhg
Amount of blood left
Diastolic - 120 ml
Systolic - 50 ml
Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per contraction
Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume = to
N= 70 mL
Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute
Cardiac Output
Normal Cardiac Output
4-6 Liters of Blood
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume x hour
