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Nervous System (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body.

A

Brain

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2
Q

What is the primitive name of brain

A

Encephalon

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3
Q

4 major regions of the brain

A

Cerebral Hemisphere
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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4
Q

Aka big brain. Largest part of the brain. Each of its hemisphere represents the contralateral side of the body.

A

Cerebrum

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5
Q

Dominant side of the cerebral hemisphere.

A

Left Hemisphere

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6
Q

Characteristics of the left hemisphere

A

Math analysis
Analytical
Logical Thinking
Language

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7
Q

Non Dominant part of the cerebral hemisphere

A

Right hemisphere

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8
Q

Characteristics of the right hemisphere

A

Memory and music
Insights
Creativity
Arts

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9
Q

Membranous connective tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

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10
Q

3 kinds of meninges

A
  • Dura Mater- Tough outer layer (closest to skull)
  • Arachnoid Mater- web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain
  • Pia Mater- Delicate inner layer (closest to brain tissue)
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11
Q

External surface anatomy of cerebrum

A

Gyrus
Sulcus

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12
Q

Rounded elevation/ridges. Convolutions and increases surface area of the brain

A

Gyrus

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13
Q

Depression/ grooves. Deeper fissure

A

Sulcus

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14
Q

Separates the right and left cerebral hemisphere.

A

Median Longitudinal Fissure

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15
Q

Aka rolandic fissure. Separates the frontal and parietal lobe.

A

Central sulcus of rolando

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16
Q

Separates temporal lobe from the other lobes of the cerebrum

A

Lateral Sylvian Fissure

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17
Q

Internal Surface Anatomy of Cerebrum

A

Gray Matter
White Matter

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18
Q

Aka cerebral medulla and is the deep layer of the cerebrum. It consist of myelinated axons & neuroglia that connects gray matter areas of the cerebrum

A

White Matter

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19
Q

Give the white matter fiber tracts

A
  • Commissural Fiber
  • Associated Fiber
  • Projection Fiber
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20
Q

Connects corresponding regions of the 2 cerebral hemisphere.

A

Commisural Fiber

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21
Q

What is the largest commissural fiber?

A

Corpus Callosum

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22
Q

Connects various cortical regions within the same hemisphere. Example arcuate fasciculus

A

Associated Fiber

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23
Q

Connects cerebral cortex with the lower portion of the brain and SC

A

Projection Fiber

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24
Q

Give the lobes of cerebrum

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
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25
Q

Largest lobe and responsible for motor function, personality and behavior and also called as the seat of intelligence

A

Frontal Lobe

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26
Q

Responsible for pain, temperature, touch, and pressure.

A

Parietal Lobe

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27
Q

Smallest lobe and responsible vision

A

Occipital Lobe

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28
Q

Responsible for hearing, smelling, and memory

A

Temporal Lobe

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29
Q

Give the number of Brodmann’s area in the Frontal Lobe

A

BA 4: Primary Motor
BA 6: Premotor Area
BA 8: Frontal Eye Field
BA 9, 10, 11, 12: Prefrontal Area
BA 44, 45: Broca’s Area

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30
Q

Aka precentral gyrus. Responsible for the execution of motor function on the contralateral side of the body.

Lession; Flaccidity

A

Brodmann’s Area 4: Primary motor Area

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31
Q

Aka “secondary motor area” ; “motor association area”
Responsible for
-motor planning
- initiation of movement
- coordination.

A

Brodmann’s Area 6: Premotor Area

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32
Q

If there is a lesion in BA6 what will happen?

A
  • Spasticity
  • Incoordination
  • Tremor
  • Akinesia on the contralateral side
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33
Q

Responsible for conjugating eye movement.

Lession; Frontal Gaze Pattern

A

BA 8: Frontal Eye Field

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34
Q

“seat of intelligence” and responsible for personality and behavior.

Lesion: changes in personality and behaviour

A

BA 9, 10, 11, and 12: Prefrontal Area

35
Q

Associated with praxis of speech. Motor speech area.

Lesion; Boca’s aphasia

A

BA 44, 45: Broca’s Area

36
Q

Give the number of Brodmann’s area in the Parietal Lobe

A

BA 3, 1, 2: Primary Sensory Area
BA 5,7: Secondary Sensory
BA 39: Angular Gyrus
BA 40: Supramarginal Gyrus
BA 43: Gustatory Area

37
Q

Aka Post Central Gyrus. Receives all general sensation and responsible for localization and sensory perception.

Lesion; Hemianesthesia / Anesthesia

A

BA 3, 1, 2: Primary Sensory Area

38
Q

Aka somesthetic area; sensory association area. Interprets sensation perceived by BA 3, 1 ,2 except for pain and temperature

A

BA 5, 7: Secondary Sensory

39
Q

Responsible for Naming, reading, writing, mathematical ability, and right and left orientation.

Lesion: Anomia
Gertmann Syndrome (indi ka solve)

A

BA 39 Angular Gyrus

40
Q

Responsible for tactile perception, language perception.

Lesion: Tactile agnosia and Ideomotor apraxia

A

BA 40 Supramarginal Gyrus

41
Q

Taste area Lesion: Aguesia (no sense of taste)

A

BA 43: Gustatory Area

42
Q

Give the number of Brodmann’s area in the Occipital Lobe

A

BA 17: Primary Visual Area
BA 18, 19: Secondary Visual Area

43
Q

Aka striate cortex and responsible for vision

Lesion: Homonymous Hemianopsia (Unilateral Lesion) Cortical Blindness (Bilateral Lesion)

A

BA 17: Primary Visual Area

44
Q

Aka visual association area; parastriate cortex.Interprets images perceived by BA 17

A

BA 18, 19: Secondary Visual Area

45
Q

what will happen if there is a lesion in BA 18, 19

A
  • Visual Agnosia
  • Color Agnosia
  • Dyschromatopsia
  • Alexia without agraphia
46
Q

Give the number of Brodmann’s area in the Temporal Lobe

A

BA 41, 42: Primary Auditory Areas
Right BA 22: Auditory Association Area
Left BA 22: Wernicke’s Area

47
Q

Aka heschl’s gyrus, responsible for hearing.

Lesion: Contralateral deafness (unilateral lesion)
Cortical Deafness (Bilateral)

A

BA 41, 42: Primary Auditory Area

48
Q

Interprets sound other than language

Lesion: Auditory Agnosia

A

Right BA 22: Auditory Association Area

49
Q

Interprets language

Lesion: Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Left BA 22: Wernicke’s Area

50
Q

Representation of human body based on a neurological map

A

Homunculus

51
Q

Several islands of gray matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere. Smoothens the motor performance, Initiation of movement and modulation of movement & motor coordination.

A

Basal Nuclei

52
Q

Aka interbrain

A

Diencephalon

53
Q

What are the major structure of Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Subthalamus
54
Q

Main sensory relay station and integration center of the brain. Influences the activity of the motor cortex. Relays common sensations to consciousness. Responsible for visual and hearing sensation.

55
Q

What are the functions of Hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Regulates pituitary gland
  • Regulates autonomic nervous system
  • Hunger, thirst, and satiety center
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Emotion
  • Sexual Desire
56
Q

2 kinds of Epithalamus

A
  • Habenular Nucleus
  • Pineal Gland
57
Q

Center for integration of olfactory, somatic, and visceral afferent pathways

A

Habenular Nucleus

58
Q

Produces melatonin, promotes sleep and responsible for both biological clock and circadian rhythm.

A

Pineal Gland

59
Q

3 subdivision of Brainstem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblangata
60
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A
  • Tectum
  • Cerebral Peduncle
61
Q

Roof of the midbrain and has corpora quadrigemina. Has 2 parts which are superior colliculi (visual reflex) an Inferior Colliculi (Auditory Reflex)

62
Q

Little feet of the cerebrum. Convey ascending and descending impulses

A

Cerebral Peduncle

63
Q

Connects midbrain and medulla oblongata. Means bridge and primary respiratory center (pneumotaxic and apneustic) Vasomotor Center and consciousness. Controls reticular activating system responsible for arousal/ consciousness

64
Q

Area where the important pyramidal tracts (motor fibers) cross over to the opposite side.

A

Medulla Oblongata

65
Q

Functions of Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Primary Respiratory Center
  • Vasomotor Center
  • Vagal Center
  • Emetic (suka) Center
  • Coughing, yawning, and sneezing reflex
66
Q

Aka little brain. Ipsilateral representation.

A

Cerebellum

67
Q

3 subdivisions of cerebellum

A

Paleocerebellum
Archicerebellum
Neocerebellum

68
Q

Aka anterior lobe, spinocerebellum, and responsible for posture and muscle tone

A

Paleocerebellum

69
Q

Oldest lobe, aka floculonodular lobe. Vestibulocerebellum. Responsible for balance.

A

Archicerebellum

70
Q

Largest and newest aka posterior lobe and responsible for fine movement and coordination

A

Neocerebellum

71
Q

Cylindrical mass of neural tissue occupying the upper 2/2 of vertebral canal.

A

Spinal Cord

72
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

Starts at the level of the foramen magnum
Ends in L1 L2 vertebrae

73
Q

What is the normal diameter and length of our spinal cord?

A

Diameter= 1- 1.5 cm
Length= 42- 45 cm

74
Q

Segments of the spinal cord

A

Cervical= 8
Thoracic= 12
Lumbar= 5
Sacral= 5
Coccygeal= 1

75
Q

External Structure of the spinal cord

A
  • Conus Medullaris
  • Filum Terminale
  • Cauda Equina
76
Q

Conical inferior end, Spinal integration center for micturition/ urination/ voiding

A

Conus Medullaris

77
Q

Gives anchor to the spine. Filament extending from the conus & attaches to 1st segment of the coccyx. Made with pia mater. No symptoms just localized pain

A

Filum Terminale

78
Q

Horsetail composed of rootlets of lumbosacral plexus

A

Cauda Equina

79
Q

Internal Structure of the spinal cord

A

Gray Matter
White Matter

80
Q

Butterfly-shaped internal part. Aka “horn”. Surrounds the central canal of the cord. Dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves

A

Gray Matter

81
Q

Outer portion and composed of myelinated fiber tracts. Divided into 3 parts (Dorsal, Lateral, and Ventral Column)

A

White Matter

82
Q

Region of white matter that is composed of ascending tract only. Sensory function only

A

Dorsal Column

83
Q

Region of white matter that is composed of Ascending and descending tract. Motor Function.

A

Lateral and Ventral Column

Anaphy (9 decks)

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