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Nervous System (Intro) Flashcards

1
Q

Master control and communication system and has 3 overlapping functions

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body

A

Sensory Input

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3
Q

processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should b done at each moment

A

Integration

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4
Q

Causes a response, or effect, by activating muscles, or glands

A

Motor Output

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5
Q

2 organisations of Nervous System

A

Structural Classification
Functional Classification

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6
Q

Give the structural classification of the nervous system

A

Nervous System (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system)
CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (cranial and spinal nerves)

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7
Q

Give the functional classification of the nervous system

A

Peripheral Nervous System
(Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System)
Autonomic
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic

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8
Q

Aka glial cells. Supports the nerve cells/ neurons. Non-excitable (do not produce action potential) cells and support cells

A

Neuroglia

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9
Q

Different Kinds of Neuroglia

A
  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells
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10
Q

Macrophages in the central nervous system. Acts as defense against infection and injury

A

Microglia

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11
Q

Forms and maintain myelin sheath in the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

Star shaped cells and most numerous and abundant.

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A

-Provides structural support to the central nervous system.
-Takes up extracellular potassium (K) ions.
- Regulates the extracellular concentration of neurotransmitter.
- Glycogen storage
- Capable of cell- multiplication/ replacement gliosis.

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14
Q

Located in the ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord. Assists in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (provides nourishment)

A

Ependymal Cells

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15
Q

Forms the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells

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16
Q

Act as protective, cushioning cells for peripheral neuron cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

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17
Q

What are the parts of neuron

A
  • Cell body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Axon terminals
  • Myelin Sheaths
  • Nodes of Ranvier
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18
Q

Has nuclei, cytoplasm with typical organelles. (Action potential happens here)

A

Cell body

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19
Q

Highly branched structures that carry impulses (towards) to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock. Conducts AWAY from cell body towards another neuron, muscle, or gland.

A

Axon

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21
Q

Contains synaptic vesicle that can release neurotransmitter

A

Axon terminals

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22
Q

Whitish, fatty material which has a waxy appearance. It protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of the nerve impulses

A

Myelin Sheaths

23
Q

Gaps or indentations and facilitates saltatory conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

24
Q

Collection of cell bodies inside the CNS

25
Q

Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

26
Q

Bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS

27
Q

Bundles of nerve running through the PNS

28
Q

Found inside the brain but found outside of the spinal cord. Consists of dense collection of myelinated fibers (tracts)

A

White Matter

29
Q

Found outside the brain but inside the spinal cord. Contains mostly of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies.

A

Gray Matter

30
Q

What are the functional classes of neurons

A
  • Sensory ( Afferent )
  • Motor ( Efferent )
  • Interneuron
31
Q

Conveys impulses into the CNS
Examples are dorsal root ganglion, cutaneous sense organ, and proprioceptor (sense of direction and place)

A

Sensory (Afferent)

32
Q

Convey impulses from brain / spinal cord out through PNS to effector (muscle or organ)

A

Motor (Efferent)

33
Q

aka “associated neurons” most are within the cns and it transmits impulses between sensory and motor neuron. Acts as a bridge

A

Interneuron

34
Q

Structural Classes of Neurons

A
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar
35
Q

Have several/ many dendrites and 1 axon. Most common type in the CNS. Examples are; motor pyramidal, purkinje cell.

A

Multipolar

36
Q

One dendrite and 2 axon. Example are Retina of the eye, inner ear, and nose.

37
Q

Have fused dendrite and axon. Touch and pain sensory neuron. Example (sensory neuron of spinal nerves)

38
Q

Two major functional properties of nervous system

A
  • Irritability
  • Conductivity
39
Q

also called as the nerve impulse in neurons

A

Action Potential

40
Q

What is the normal resting potential

41
Q

An increase in membrane potential of 15-30 mV usually is required to cause an explosive development of action potential.

A

All or none principle

42
Q

Overshoot period/ phase caused by the fast opening of the voltage gated Na channel (opening of activation gate). There is also a sodium influx and the charge of the cell becomes positive.

A

Depolarization

43
Q

How many mv does depolarization starts

44
Q

Cause by the fast closure of voltage gated sodium channels. There is a potassium efflux and the charge of the cell becomes negative.

A

Repolarization

45
Q

Aka positive after potential. Caused by the slow and late closure of voltage gated potassium channels. The charge of the cell becomes more negative.

A

Hyperpolarization

46
Q

A state wherein a positive charge is outside and negative charge inside the cell. This is due to the activation of sodium- potasium atpase pump. This is where the charge of the cell returns to normal membrane potential

A

Resting membrane potential

47
Q

How many NA and K is in the resting membrane potential?

A
  • 3 NA (OUTSIDE)
    + 2 K (INSIDE)
48
Q

What are the normal resting membrane potential of each system

A

NN -70mV
Skeletal Muscle -90mV
Cardiac Muscle -85mV
Smooth muscle - 40mV to -60mV
GI tract -56mV

49
Q

What are the phases of action potential?

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
Resting Membrane Potential

50
Q

2 Refractory Period

A

Absolute Refractory Period
Relative Refractory Period

51
Q

Period during which a 2nd action potential cannot be elicited even with a strong stimulus. At the (30mV) peak of depolarization.

A

Absolute Refractory Period

52
Q

Starts at the 1/3 of repolarization onwards. Stronger than normal stimulus and elicits new action potential.

A

Relative Refractory Period

53
Q

Explain Neuromuscular Junction

A
  • Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
  • Depolarization in PT opens ion channel that allows calcium into the cell
  • Calcium trigger release of neurotransmitter from vesicles.
  • Neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites
  • Opening and closing of channels causes change in postsynaptic membrane potential
  • Action potential propagates through next cell
  • Neurotransmitter is inactivated
54
Q

3 overlapping function of Nervous system

A

Sensory Input
Integration
Motor Output

Anaphy (9 decks)

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