respiratory small deck Flashcards
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells( beat mucus up and out of lungs) extend to beginning of terminal bronchioles, then transition to cuboidal cells
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
Mostly cuboidal cells in respiratory bronchioles then simple squamous cells up to alveoli
Type 1 cells are squamous and line the alveoli
type II cells are cuboidal and clustered and secrete pulmonary surfractant
clara cells are non ciliated, low columnar/cuboidal with secretory granules, they degrade toxins and act as reserve cells
dust cells are macrophages
Adenocarcinoma
- peripheral
- most common lung cancer in nonsmokers and overall (except for metastases)
- activating mutations inclue kras, EGFR, ALK
assoc. clubbing
Bronchioalveolar subtype (carcinoma in situ): CXR often shows hazy infiltrates similar to pneumonia; excellent prognosis
The bronchioalveolay subtype grows along alveolar septa–> apparent thickening of alveolar walls
Squamous cell carcinoma
- central
- hilar mass arising from bronchus; cavitation; cigaretres, hypercalcemia (PTHrP)
- keratin pearls and intercellular bridges
Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma
- central
- undifferentiated–> very aggressive
- may produce ACTH, ADH or antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels (Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome)
- amplification of myc genes
- inoperable, treat with chem
- neoplasm of neuroendocrine
- kulchitsky cells –> small dark blue cells
Large cell carcinoma
- peripheral
- highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor
- poor prognosis
- less responsive to chemotherapy; removed surgically
-pleomorphic giant cells
Bronchial carcidnoid tumor
- excellent prognosis-metastasis rare
- symptoms usually due to mass effect; occasionally carcinoid syndrome (5-HT secretion –> flushing, diarrhea, wheezine)
- nests of neuroendocrine cells, chromogranin A +
Pancoast tumor
-carcinoma that occurs in apex of lung may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing horner syndrom, SVS syndrome, sensorimotor deficits and hoarseness
