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organ systems > First aid neuro anatomy and physio Part 1 > Flashcards

First aid neuro anatomy and physio Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how to stain cell bodies?

A

nissl stain (stains RER)

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2
Q

astrocytes

A
  • physical support
  • repair
  • k metabolism
  • removal of excess neurotransmitter
  • component of blood-brain barrier
  • glycogen fuel reserve buffer
  • reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
  • GFAP marker
  • neuroectoderm derivative
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3
Q

microglia

A
  • mesoderm
  • cns phagocyte
  • small irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm
  • scavenger cells
  • HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
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4
Q

myelin

A

wraps and insulates exons

-increase the space constant and conduction velocity

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5
Q

oligodendroglia

A

each oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons ~ 30

  • neuroectoderm
  • fried egg appearance
  • injured in MS, PML and leukodystrophy
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6
Q

schwann

A

only myelante 1 pns neuron

  • neural crest
  • destroyed in guillain-barre

accoutis neuroma: schwannoma - internal acoustic meatus, if bilateral assoc NF type 2

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7
Q

Layers of peripheral nerves

A

inside out

  1. nerve fiber
  2. endoneurium surrounds nerve fiber
  3. perineurium surrounds a fasicle of nerve fibres)
  4. epineurium - dense connective tissue surounds the entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
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8
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sense: Pain and Temperature
Location: all skin, epidermis, some viscera
C-slow, unmylenated fivers
Adelta - fast myelinated

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9
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly
Location: Gabrous hairless skin
Sense: dynamic, fine/light touch; position sense

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10
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

Sense: vibration, presure
Location: deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints
Large, myelinated fibers; adapt QUICKY

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11
Q

Merkel discs

A

Sense: pressure, deep static touch (shapes, edges), position sense
located: basal epidermal layer, hair follicles
LArge myelinated fibers; adapt slowly

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12
Q

NE

A

Locus ceruleus (pons)
increase in anxiety
decrease in depression

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13
Q

DA

A

Ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)
increase in Huntington disease
decrease in Parkinson disease
decrease in depression

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14
Q

5-HT

A

Raphe nucleus (pons, medulla, midbrain)
Increase in parkinson
decrease in anxiety
decrease in depression

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15
Q

ACh

A

Basal nucleus of Meynart
increase in parkinson
decrease in alzheimers disease
decrease in huntington disease

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16
Q

GABA

A

Nucleus accumbens
decrease in anxiety
decrease in huntington disease

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17
Q

Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus

A

reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear

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18
Q

BBB

A
  • tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • astrocyte foot processes

carieri mediated transport: glucose, amino acids
nonpolar/lipid - diffuse

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19
Q

hypothalamus TAN HATS

A 
thirst water balance
adenophypopysis control (anterior pituitary)
neurohypophysis release hormones
hunger
autonomic regulation
temperature
sexual urges
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20
Q

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis OVLT

A

senses change in osmolarity in the hypothalamus

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21
Q

hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus makes?

A

ADH stored and released by posterior pituirtary

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22
Q

hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus makes?

A

oxytocin and released by posterior pituirtary

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23
Q

hypothalamus Lateral area

A

hunger
-destruction –> anorexia ,failure to thrice
-inhibited by leptin
shrinkkk laterally

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24
Q

hypothalamus ventromedial area

A

Satiety (feeling full)

  • destruction (like in a craniopharyngioma)
  • destruction cause hyperphagia
  • stimulated by leptin

grow medially fatty

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25
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling parasympathetic

anterior is for arctic

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26
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating sympathetic h is for hot

destruction–> poikilotherm (cold blooded)

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27
Q

suprachiasmatic hypothalamus

A

ciradian rhythm

28
Q

how to treat night terros and sleep walking?

A

benzodiazepines

29
Q

what drugs can decrease REM sleep and delta wave sleep?

A

alcohol, benzodiazapines and barbituates

30
Q

what can decrease REM sleep only?

A

NE

31
Q

How to treat bed wetting?

A

(sleep enuresis)

-oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) which mimics ADH

32
Q

What causes the extraoccular movements during REM sleep?

A

PPRF paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugae gaze center).

33
Q

Duration and length of REM sleep?

A

Every 90 minutes and duration increases thoughout the night

34
Q

Order of sleep?

A 
BATS Drink Blood
Beta Awake
alpha Awake (eyes closed(
theta N1
sleep spindles and k complexes N2
delta N3
beta  REM
35
Q

Awake (eyes open)

A
  • alert, active mental concentration

- beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)

36
Q

Awake (eyes closed)

A

Alpha

37
Q

Non REM sleep stage N1 (5%)

A

Light sleep

-theta

38
Q

Non REM sleep stage N2 (45%)

A

Deeper sleep, when bruxism occurs

-Sleep spindles and K complexes

39
Q

Non REM sleep stage N3 (25%)

A

Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); when sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occurs
-Delta (lowest frequency but highest amplitude)

40
Q

REM sleep (25%)

A
  • Beta
  • loss of motor tone
  • increase brain O2 use
  • increase in variable pusle and BP
  • Dreaming
  • Penile and clitoral tumescence occur
  • may serve a memory processing function
41
Q

Thalmus: VPL

A

input:spinothalamic and dorsal comlumns/medial leminiscus
Info: Pain and temp, pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception
Destination:
primary somatosensory cortex

42
Q

Thalamus VPM

A

Input: trigeminal and gustatory pathway
Info: face sensation and taste
Desitnation: primary somatosensory pathway

makeup goes on your face

43
Q

Thalamus LGN

A

Input: Cranial nerve II
Info: Vision
Output: Calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe

lateral is for light

44
Q

thalamus MGN

A

Input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum
Info: hearing
Destination: auditory cortex of the temperal lobe
M is for music

45
Q

thalmaus VL

A

Input: basal ganglia and cerebellum

info: motor
destination: motor cortex

46
Q

Cerebellum imputs:

A

Contralateral cortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle

Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior cerebellar peduncle from the spinal cord (input nerves = climbing and mossy fibers)

47
Q

Cerebellum outputs

A

Send information to the contralateral cortex to modulate movement

the output nerves are the:
purkinge cells –> deep nuclei of cerebellum –> contralateral cortex via the superior cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

Dont eat greasy foods
Lateral –> medial

dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial

49
Q

Lateral lesion of the cerebellum?

A

voluntary movement of extremities,

when injured: propensity to fall towards injured (ipsilateral side)

50
Q

Medial lesion of cerebellum?

A

Lesions involving midline structures:

  • vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei and or flocculonodular lobe:
  • truncal ataxia, nystagmus and head tilting
  • may have a wide gait and deficits in truncal coordination
51
Q

striatum

A

caudate + putamen

52
Q

lentiform

A

putamen + globus palidus

53
Q

Basal ganglia direct pathway leads to?

A

excitatory

movement

54
Q

Basal ganglia indirect pathway leads to?

A

inhibitory

decreased movement

55
Q

DA binds to D1 on striatum this stimulates

A

excitatory pathway (direct) leads to more motion

56
Q

DA binds to D2 on stiatum this inhibits

A

the inhibitory pathway (indirect) this leads to more motion

57
Q

Parkinsons disease

A
  • degenerative disorder of CNS
    assoc. lewbodies (alpha synuclein intracellular eosinophillic inclusion)
  • loss of DA neurons in SN (depigmentation)
TRAPS
temor (pill rolling at rest)
Rigidity (cogwheel)
Akinesia (or bradykinesia)
Postural instability
Shuffling gait
58
Q

Huntington disease

A
  • AD
  • Anticipation
  • CAG repeats
  • Caudate loss of ACh and GABA
  • neuronal death via NMDA-Receptor binding and glutamate toxicity.

Choreiform movements
aggression
depression
dementia

59
Q

Hemiballismus

A

sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/-ipsilateral leg

Contralateral subthalamic nucleus damage STN –> lacunar stroke

60
Q

Chorea

A
  • sudden, jerky, purposeless movements

- Damage to Basal ganglia (huntingtons)

61
Q

Athetosis

A

-slow, writhing movements especially in fingers
-Damage to basal ganglia (huntingtons)
writhing snake like movement

62
Q

Myocolnus

A

sudden, bried, uncontrolled muscle contraction

63
Q

dystonia

A
  • sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

- writers cramp; blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)

64
Q

Essential tremor (postural tremor)

A

-Action tremor, exacerbated by holding posture/limp postion

Genetic predisposition.

  • patients self medicated with EtOH which decreases amplitude
  • Treat: B blockers and primidone
65
Q

Resting tremor

A

Uncontrolled movement of distal appendages (most notable in hands)

  • tremor alleviated by intentional movement
  • parkinsons disease
  • occurs at res; pill rolling temor
66
Q

intention tremor

A

slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward target

cerebellar dysfunction

organ systems (25 decks)

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