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First aid neuro anatomy and physio Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how to stain cell bodies?

A

nissl stain (stains RER)

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2
Q

astrocytes

A
  • physical support
  • repair
  • k metabolism
  • removal of excess neurotransmitter
  • component of blood-brain barrier
  • glycogen fuel reserve buffer
  • reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
  • GFAP marker
  • neuroectoderm derivative
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3
Q

microglia

A
  • mesoderm
  • cns phagocyte
  • small irregular nuclei and relatively little cytoplasm
  • scavenger cells
  • HIV infected microglia fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
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4
Q

myelin

A

wraps and insulates exons

-increase the space constant and conduction velocity

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5
Q

oligodendroglia

A

each oligodendrocyte can myelinate many axons ~ 30

  • neuroectoderm
  • fried egg appearance
  • injured in MS, PML and leukodystrophy
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6
Q

schwann

A

only myelante 1 pns neuron

  • neural crest
  • destroyed in guillain-barre

accoutis neuroma: schwannoma - internal acoustic meatus, if bilateral assoc NF type 2

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7
Q

Layers of peripheral nerves

A

inside out

  1. nerve fiber
  2. endoneurium surrounds nerve fiber
  3. perineurium surrounds a fasicle of nerve fibres)
  4. epineurium - dense connective tissue surounds the entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
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8
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sense: Pain and Temperature
Location: all skin, epidermis, some viscera
C-slow, unmylenated fivers
Adelta - fast myelinated

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9
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly
Location: Gabrous hairless skin
Sense: dynamic, fine/light touch; position sense

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10
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

Sense: vibration, presure
Location: deep skin layers, ligaments, and joints
Large, myelinated fibers; adapt QUICKY

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11
Q

Merkel discs

A

Sense: pressure, deep static touch (shapes, edges), position sense
located: basal epidermal layer, hair follicles
LArge myelinated fibers; adapt slowly

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12
Q

NE

A

Locus ceruleus (pons)
increase in anxiety
decrease in depression

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13
Q

DA

A

Ventral tegmentum and SNc (midbrain)
increase in Huntington disease
decrease in Parkinson disease
decrease in depression

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14
Q

5-HT

A

Raphe nucleus (pons, medulla, midbrain)
Increase in parkinson
decrease in anxiety
decrease in depression

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15
Q

ACh

A

Basal nucleus of Meynart
increase in parkinson
decrease in alzheimers disease
decrease in huntington disease

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16
Q

GABA

A

Nucleus accumbens
decrease in anxiety
decrease in huntington disease

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17
Q

Nucleus accumbens and septal nucleus

A

reward center, pleasure, addiction, fear

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18
Q

BBB

A
  • tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • astrocyte foot processes

carieri mediated transport: glucose, amino acids
nonpolar/lipid - diffuse

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19
Q

hypothalamus TAN HATS

A 
thirst water balance
adenophypopysis control (anterior pituitary)
neurohypophysis release hormones
hunger
autonomic regulation
temperature
sexual urges
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20
Q

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis OVLT

A

senses change in osmolarity in the hypothalamus

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21
Q

hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus makes?

A

ADH stored and released by posterior pituirtary

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22
Q

hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus makes?

A

oxytocin and released by posterior pituirtary

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23
Q

hypothalamus Lateral area

A

hunger
-destruction –> anorexia ,failure to thrice
-inhibited by leptin
shrinkkk laterally

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24
Q

hypothalamus ventromedial area

A

Satiety (feeling full)

  • destruction (like in a craniopharyngioma)
  • destruction cause hyperphagia
  • stimulated by leptin

grow medially fatty

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25
anterior hypothalamus
cooling parasympathetic | anterior is for arctic
26
posterior hypothalamus
heating sympathetic h is for hot | destruction--> poikilotherm (cold blooded)
27
suprachiasmatic hypothalamus
ciradian rhythm
28
how to treat night terros and sleep walking?
benzodiazepines
29
what drugs can decrease REM sleep and delta wave sleep?
alcohol, benzodiazapines and barbituates
30
what can decrease REM sleep only?
NE
31
How to treat bed wetting?
(sleep enuresis) | -oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) which mimics ADH
32
What causes the extraoccular movements during REM sleep?
PPRF paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugae gaze center).
33
Duration and length of REM sleep?
Every 90 minutes and duration increases thoughout the night
34
Order of sleep?
``` BATS Drink Blood Beta Awake alpha Awake (eyes closed( theta N1 sleep spindles and k complexes N2 delta N3 beta REM ```
35
Awake (eyes open)
- alert, active mental concentration | - beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude)
36
Awake (eyes closed)
Alpha
37
Non REM sleep stage N1 (5%)
Light sleep | -theta
38
Non REM sleep stage N2 (45%)
Deeper sleep, when bruxism occurs | -Sleep spindles and K complexes
39
Non REM sleep stage N3 (25%)
Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); when sleepwalking, night terrors and bedwetting occurs -Delta (lowest frequency but highest amplitude)
40
REM sleep (25%)
- Beta - loss of motor tone - increase brain O2 use - increase in variable pusle and BP - Dreaming - Penile and clitoral tumescence occur - may serve a memory processing function
41
Thalmus: VPL
input:spinothalamic and dorsal comlumns/medial leminiscus Info: Pain and temp, pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception Destination: primary somatosensory cortex
42
Thalamus VPM
Input: trigeminal and gustatory pathway Info: face sensation and taste Desitnation: primary somatosensory pathway makeup goes on your face
43
Thalamus LGN
Input: Cranial nerve II Info: Vision Output: Calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe lateral is for light
44
thalamus MGN
Input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum Info: hearing Destination: auditory cortex of the temperal lobe M is for music
45
thalmaus VL
Input: basal ganglia and cerebellum info: motor destination: motor cortex
46
Cerebellum imputs:
Contralateral cortex via the middle cerebellar peduncle Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior cerebellar peduncle from the spinal cord (input nerves = climbing and mossy fibers)
47
Cerebellum outputs
Send information to the contralateral cortex to modulate movement the output nerves are the: purkinge cells --> deep nuclei of cerebellum --> contralateral cortex via the superior cerebellar peduncle
48
What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum?
Dont eat greasy foods Lateral --> medial dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
49
Lateral lesion of the cerebellum?
voluntary movement of extremities, | when injured: propensity to fall towards injured (ipsilateral side)
50
Medial lesion of cerebellum?
Lesions involving midline structures: - vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei and or flocculonodular lobe: - truncal ataxia, nystagmus and head tilting - may have a wide gait and deficits in truncal coordination
51
striatum
caudate + putamen
52
lentiform
putamen + globus palidus
53
Basal ganglia direct pathway leads to?
excitatory | movement
54
Basal ganglia indirect pathway leads to?
inhibitory | decreased movement
55
DA binds to D1 on striatum this stimulates
excitatory pathway (direct) leads to more motion
56
DA binds to D2 on stiatum this inhibits
the inhibitory pathway (indirect) this leads to more motion
57
Parkinsons disease
- degenerative disorder of CNS assoc. lewbodies (alpha synuclein intracellular eosinophillic inclusion) - loss of DA neurons in SN (depigmentation) ``` TRAPS temor (pill rolling at rest) Rigidity (cogwheel) Akinesia (or bradykinesia) Postural instability Shuffling gait ```
58
Huntington disease
- AD - Anticipation - CAG repeats - Caudate loss of ACh and GABA - neuronal death via NMDA-Receptor binding and glutamate toxicity. Choreiform movements aggression depression dementia
59
Hemiballismus
sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm +/-ipsilateral leg | Contralateral subthalamic nucleus damage STN --> lacunar stroke
60
Chorea
- sudden, jerky, purposeless movements | - Damage to Basal ganglia (huntingtons)
61
Athetosis
-slow, writhing movements especially in fingers -Damage to basal ganglia (huntingtons) writhing snake like movement
62
Myocolnus
sudden, bried, uncontrolled muscle contraction
63
dystonia
- sustained, involuntary muscle contractions | - writers cramp; blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)
64
Essential tremor (postural tremor)
-Action tremor, exacerbated by holding posture/limp postion Genetic predisposition. - patients self medicated with EtOH which decreases amplitude - Treat: B blockers and primidone
65
Resting tremor
Uncontrolled movement of distal appendages (most notable in hands) - tremor alleviated by intentional movement - parkinsons disease - occurs at res; pill rolling temor
66
intention tremor
slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward target | cerebellar dysfunction

organ systems (25 decks)

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