repro physiology Flashcards
spermatogonia (germ cells)
maintain germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes, they line the seminiferous tubules
sertoli cells
secrete inhibin –inhibits FSH
secretes androgen-binding protein which maintains the local level of testosterone
-supports and nourish developing spermatozoa
-produces MIF
-temperature sensitive, decreased sperm production and inhibit with increase temp
leydig cells are endocrine cells
secrete testosterone in the presence of LH
testosterone production is not affected by temperature
-found in the interstitial
-contains aromatase
estrogen types
ovary 17b-estradiol
placenta estriol
adipose estrone via aromatization
estradiol>estrone>estriol potency
theca cell
pulsatile gnRH causes LH to cause cholesterol to convert to androstenedione via desmolase enzyme
granulosa cell
pulsatile gnrh causes FSH to cause adrostenedione to form estrogens via aromatase
estrogen
- growth of follicle, endometrial proliferation, increased myometrial excitability
- feedback inhibition on FSH, LH until the LH surge
- stimulates prolactin secretion
- increases transport proteins SHBG
- increases HDL but lowers LDL
progesterone is produced in the corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex and testes
- stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions and spinal artery development
- maintancy of pregnancy
- decreases myometrial excitability
- production of thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into the uterus
- increases body temperature
- inhibits LF, FH
- causes uterine smooth muscle realization (preventing contractions)
- decreases estrogen receptor expressivity
- prevents endometrial hyperplaisia
decreased progesterone
–> decreased fertility
oligomenorrhea
> 35 day cycle
polymenorrhea
< 21 day cycle
menorrhagia
heavy menstrual bleeding > 80 ml blood loss or > 7 day menses
oogenesis
- primary oocytes (diploid) behing meiosis I during fetal life and complete meiosis I just prior to ovulation
- Meiosis I is arrested in prophase I for years until ovulation
- meiosis II is arrested in metaphase II until fertilization (secondary oocyte haploid)
- if fertilization does not occur within 1 day, the secondary oocyte degenerates
breastmilk
contains IgA, macrophages, lymphocytes, reduces infections
-only breastfed infants require vitamin D supplementation
Breast feeding decreases maternal risk of breast and ovarian cancer
hCG
- produced by the synctiotrophoblasts of the placenta
- maintains the corpus luteum (and thus progesterone) for the 1st trimester by acting like LH.
- in the second and third trimesters the placenta synthesizes its own estiol and progesterone and the corpus luteum degenerates
- the alpha subunit is identical to the alpha subunits of FSH, LH and TSH.
- the beta subunit is unique to pregnancy
