Psych First aid- psychology section (defenses)

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food)

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

learning in awhich a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward. usually deals with voluntary responses

Question 3

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

Answer 3

desired reward produces action - mouse presses button to get food

Question 4

operant conditioning:negative reinforcement

Answer 4

target behavior (response) is follwed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse pressed button to turn off continous loud noise)

Question 5

operant conditioning: punishment

Answer 5

repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior

Question 6

operant conditioning: extinction

Answer 6

discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or classical condition

Question 7

Transference

Answer 7

patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician ( psychiatrist is seen as parent)

Question 8

countertransference

Answer 8

doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient ( patient reminds physician of younger sibling)

Question 9

Immature defense: acting out

Answer 9

expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions
example: tantrums

Question 10

Immature defense: dissociation

Answer 10

temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress.
examples: extreme forms can result in dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

Question 11

Immature defense: denial

Answer 11

avoiding the awareness of some painful reality

example: a common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients

Question 12

Immature defense: displacement

Answer 12

transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection)
example: mother yells at child because husband yelled at her

Question 13

Immature defense: fixation

Answer 13

partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)
example: men fixating on sports games

Question 14

Immature defense: identification

Answer 14

modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)
-abused child identifies with an abuser

Question 15

Immature defense: isolation (of affect)

Answer 15

separating feelings from ideas and events

example describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response

Question 16

Immature defense: projection

Answer 16

attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)
example a man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him

Question 17

Immature defense: rationalization

Answer 17

proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasonsm usually to avoid self blame
example: after getting fired claiming that the job was not that important anyway

Question 18

Immature defense: reaction formation

Answer 18

replacing a warded off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs.sublimation)
example: a patient with libidinous thoughts enter a monastery

Question 19

Immature defense: regression

Answer 19

turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs fixation)
examples: seen in children under stress such as an illness, punishment or birth of a new sibling eg bedwetting in a previously toilet trained child

Question 20

Immature defense: repression

Answer 20

involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)
example: not remember a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad thoughts into unconscious

Question 21

Immature defense: splitting

Answer 21

believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. commonly seen in borderline personality disorder
example: nurses are cold and insensitive but doctors are warm and friendly

Question 22

Mature defense: altruism

Answer 22

-alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity toward others
mafia boss makes large donation to charity

Question 23

Mature defense: humor

Answer 23

appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety provoking or adverse situation
ex. nervous medical student jokes about the boards

Question 24

Mature defense: sublimation

Answer 24

replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with ones value systems (vs. reaction formation)
example: teenagers aggression toward father is redirected to perform well in sports

Question 25

Mature defense: suppression

Answer 25

intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression)
-choosing to not worry about the big game until it is time to play