Psych First aid- psychology section (defenses) Flashcards
Classical conditioning
learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food)
Operant conditioning
learning in awhich a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward. usually deals with voluntary responses
operant conditioning: positive reinforcement
desired reward produces action - mouse presses button to get food
operant conditioning:negative reinforcement
target behavior (response) is follwed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse pressed button to turn off continous loud noise)
operant conditioning: punishment
repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior
operant conditioning: extinction
discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or classical condition
Transference
patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician ( psychiatrist is seen as parent)
countertransference
doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient ( patient reminds physician of younger sibling)
Immature defense: acting out
expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions
example: tantrums
Immature defense: dissociation
temporary, drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress.
examples: extreme forms can result in dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)
Immature defense: denial
avoiding the awareness of some painful reality
example: a common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients
Immature defense: displacement
transferring avoided ideas and feelings to some neutral person or object (vs. projection)
example: mother yells at child because husband yelled at her
Immature defense: fixation
partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)
example: men fixating on sports games
Immature defense: identification
modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)
-abused child identifies with an abuser
Immature defense: isolation (of affect)
separating feelings from ideas and events
example describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response
Immature defense: projection
attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)
example a man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him
Immature defense: rationalization
proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasonsm usually to avoid self blame
example: after getting fired claiming that the job was not that important anyway
Immature defense: reaction formation
replacing a warded off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs.sublimation)
example: a patient with libidinous thoughts enter a monastery
Immature defense: regression
turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs fixation)
examples: seen in children under stress such as an illness, punishment or birth of a new sibling eg bedwetting in a previously toilet trained child
Immature defense: repression
involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)
example: not remember a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad thoughts into unconscious
Immature defense: splitting
believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. commonly seen in borderline personality disorder
example: nurses are cold and insensitive but doctors are warm and friendly
Mature defense: altruism
-alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity toward others
mafia boss makes large donation to charity
Mature defense: humor
appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety provoking or adverse situation
ex. nervous medical student jokes about the boards
Mature defense: sublimation
replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with ones value systems (vs. reaction formation)
example: teenagers aggression toward father is redirected to perform well in sports
Mature defense: suppression
intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression)
-choosing to not worry about the big game until it is time to play
