respiratory quiz #1 Flashcards
what are the main functions of the respiratory system?
- to take in oxygen from external environments
- the remove carbon dioxide from each cell and expel it into the external environment
what are the two requirements for respiration?
- large surface area for respiration
- must take place in a moist environments
what is the 4-stage process of respiration?
- breathing
- external respiration
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration
what is the 3rd stage of respiration?
internal respiration
what is the 1st stage of respiration?
breathing
what is the 4th stage of respiration?
cellular respiration
what is the 2nd stage of respiration?
external respiration
what is breathing?
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
what is external respiration?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the lungs
what is internal respiration?
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood and body tissues
what is cellular respiration?
the oxidation of glucose for energy
what does glucose + oxygen produce?
carbon dioxide and water ATP
what are the organs of breathing and in what order does air enter them?
nose –> nasal cavities + sinuses –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli –> lung capillaries
in what organ of breathing does oxygen enter the bloodstream?
in the lung capillaries
what is the nasal passage?
- warm, moistens and cleans incoming air
- lined with ciliated cells - sweep foreign particles back into the nose
- secretes mucus - traps foreign particles and moistens the air
- filled with capillaries
what is the pharynx?
- common passageway for air and food
- aka. throat
what is the larynx?
- made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords
- aka. voice box
where are the vocal cords located?
in the larynx
what is the sound of our voice?
the vibration of the vocal cords when air is forced through
what is the epiglottis?
a flap in the larynx that covers the opening to the trachea when food is swallowed (prevents choking)
what is the glottis?
opening from the pharynx to the larynx
what is the trachea?
- a tube that extends from the pharynx into the chest cavity
- composed of cartilaginous rings which keep it open
- carries air from the nose to bronchi
- cilia beat upwards to keep out particles
- aka. windpipe
what direction do cilia beat in the trachea?
upwards to keep out particles
what is the pharynx also known as?
the throat
what is the larynx also known as?
the voice box
what is the trachea also known as?
the windpipe
what are the bronchi?
- the branches at the end of the trachea - one leads to the left lung, the other to the right
- composed of cartilaginous rings
what two organs of breathing are composed of cartilaginous rings?
- the trachea
- the bronchi
what are the bronchioles
- small branches that lead from the bronchi and spread out within the lungs
- they are lined with cilia and mucus
what happens as the bronchioles branch out?
they increase surface area, resulting in a highly efficient system
what are alveoli?
- grape-like clusters at the end of bronchioles
- surrounded by capillaries
- site of gas exchange (one cell thick)
- moist to ensure efficient gas diffusion
how many alveoli are in one pair of lungs?
about 300 million
what are alveoli surrounded by?
capillaries
what are lungs?
- spongy-like due to alveolar sacs
- contain cilia to protect from microbes and dust
- monocytes hide in lung tissue waiting for foreign invaders
how many lobes does each lung have?
right: 3 lobes
left: 2 lobes
what is the purpose of monocytes in lung tissue?
to fight foreign invaders
what is the pleura membrane?
- each lung is surrounded by a pleura membrane
- thin, double membrane with fluid in between the visceral pleura from the parietal pleural membrane
- decrease friction
- stick the lungs to the chests that they expand and contract when the chest moves
what is pleurisy?
- inflammation of the pleural membrane
- causes build up of fluids in the cavity
- puts pressure on the lungs
- harder to breathe
what is the thoracic cavity?
- the cavity in the vertebrae body enclosed by the ribs between
- aka. chest cavity
are the lungs muscles?
no, they do not contract and expand on their own
what must happen in order for air to be drawn into the lungs?
a change in pressure
what two muscles establish a change in pressure in the lungs?
- the diaphragm
2. intercostal muscles
what is the diaphragm?
- a dome shaped layer of muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity
- controls air pressure in the lungs
what are the intercostal muscles
- muscles found between and on the inside of the ribs
- control air pressure in the lungs
what is Boyle’s law?
P1V1 = P2V2
what is the pressure differences concept?
- air will always move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
- pressure of an area is dependant on volume changes of an area
what happens to pressure when volume increases?
pressure decreases
what happens to pressure when volume decreases?
pressure increases
what determines the movement of gases into and out of the lungs?
pressure differences in the atmosphere and the chest cavity
what happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration and expiration?
insp: contraction
exp: relaxation
what happens to the ribs during inspiration and expiration?
insp: move out and up
exp: move in and down
what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration?
insp: contract and moves up and down
exp: relaxes back down into dome shape
what happens to the volume of the chest cavity during inspiration and expiration?
insp: volume increases
exp: volume decreases
what happens to the pressure in the chest cavity during inspiration and expiration?
insp: pressure decreases
exp: pressure increases
what happens to the direction of air flow during inspiration and expiration?
insp: air drawn in
exp: air forced out
what is the medical term for lungs collapsing?
pneumothorax
what is pneumothorax?
this is when air collects between the pleura because of injury, the pressure outside of the lungs then causes them to contract
what do doctors do to fix pneumothorax?
they insert a tube into the chest to withdraw the air that has entered the pleura, allowing the lung to re-inflate
what is a spirograph?
a representation of the amount of air moving in and out of the lungs
what is tidal volume?
the amount of air moved by a normal individual at rest
what is the average tidal volume?
500mL
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the max volume of gas that can be expired beyond the end of tidal expiration
what is the average expiratory reserve volume?
1500mL
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the max volume of gas that can be inspired from the end of tidal inspiration
what is the average inspiratory reserve volume?
3000mL
what is residual volume?
the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after max expiration
what is the average residual volume?
1200mL
what is vital capacity?
the max amount of gas that can be inspired after max expiration
what is the formula for vital capacity?
tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume
what is the average vital capacity?
males: 5000mL
females: 4500mL
what is total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
what is the average total lung capacity?
6000mL
what are the different air volumes of the lungs?
tidal volume (normal breathing), expiratory reserve volume (max expiration below tidal expiration), inspiratory reserve volume (max inspiration above tidal inspiration), vital capacity (max inspiration after max expiration), residual volume (air volume always left over in the lungs after max expiration), total lung volume (vital capacity + residual volume)
