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bio-20 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the pathway food takes through the gastrointestinal tract?

A

mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> cardiac sphincter -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus

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2
Q

how long is the digestive system?

A

between 6.5m and 9m

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs?

A
  1. pancreas
  2. gall bladder
  3. liver
    - organs that are along the digestive tract but that food does not pass through
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4
Q

how long does it take to go from one end of the tube to the other?

A

24-72 hours

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5
Q

what are the 4 steps of digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorbtion
  4. Egestion
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6
Q

what is ingestion?

A

the taking of nutrients (eating)

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7
Q

what is digestion?

A

the breakdown of organic molecules into smaller complexes

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8
Q

what is absorption?

A

the transport of digested nutrients to the tissues of the body

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9
Q

what is egestion?

A

the removal of materials from the food that the body cannot digest (pooping)

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10
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A
  • breaking food into tiny pieces without changing the chemical structure of the food
  • increases the surface area to expose the nutrients to the digestive chemicals
  • AKA. chewing
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11
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

food molecules are broken into smaller and smaller particles using enzymes (bonds are broken)

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12
Q

what does starch get broken down to?

A

monosaccharides

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13
Q

what does protein get broken down to?

A

amino acids

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14
Q

what do lipids get broken down to?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

what is the function of the mouth?

A
  • the first step of mechanical digestion
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16
Q

what is mastication?

A

chewing your food

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17
Q

what is chewed food called?

A

bolus

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18
Q

how does taste work?

A
  • our tongue is covered with tastebuds

- these identify the tastes of specific chemicals in our food with the help of our nose

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19
Q

what is the pharynx?

A
  • intersection for nose, mouth, esophagus, epiglottis and trachea
  • AKA. throat
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20
Q

what is the esophagus?

A

a long tube lined with muscle

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21
Q

what is the function of the esophagus?

A

the muscle pinches to push the food down to the stomach

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22
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

muscular contractions and relaxations that push food down to the stomach

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23
Q

what does the cardiac/esophageal sphincter do?

A

regulates how many bolus enter the stomach at a time

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24
Q

why does the lower esophageal sphincter relax at the bottom of the esophagus?

A

so that no food can travel from the stomach back up the esophagus

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25
Q

what is an esophageal ulcer?

A

when stomach acid burns a hole in the esophagus

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26
Q

what is heartburn?

A

when the bolus/stomach acid moves backward toward the heart causing a burning sensation in the esophagus

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27
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

controls how much food enters the small intestine

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28
Q

what is the structure of the stomach?

A
  • it is a J-shaped sack like organ

- 50mL –> 2L –> 4L

29
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A
  • storage
  • digestion (mechanical + chemical)
  • pushes food to the small intestine
  • produces pepsin, HCl and mucus
  • digests proteins
30
Q

what macromolecule gets digested in the mouth?

A

starches into monosaccharides

31
Q

what macromolecule gets digested in the stomach?

A

proteins into amino acids

32
Q

what do peptic cells do?

A

secretes pepsinogen (inactive enzyme), which mixes with HCl to create pepsin (active enzyme), the pepsin then breaks down the proteins

33
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-3

34
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A
  • secretes HCl
  • maintains stomach pH
  • kills bacteria
  • activates pepsinogen into pepsin
35
Q

which cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

peptic

36
Q

which cell secretes HCl?

A

parietal

37
Q

what do mucus cells do?

A

secrete mucus to make stomach lining

38
Q

how often are the stomach cells destroyed and remade?

A

every 3-4 days

39
Q

what does gastric juice consist of?

A

water, mucus, salts, HCl and enzymes

40
Q

what is chyme?

A
  • liquified food + gastric juices

- what the stomach releases to the small intestine

41
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A
  • produces digestive enzymes

- continues the digestion of starches, lipids and proteins

42
Q

what does the liver do?

A
  • produces bile and send it to the gall bladder for storage
  • stores glycogen
  • detoxifies many substances in the body
43
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores + releases bile

44
Q

what is bile?

A

grinds lipids to small pieces (fatty acids + glycerol)

45
Q

what is the structure of the small intestine?

A
  • small tube made of smooth muscle

- smaller in diameter than the large intestine

46
Q

what are villi?

A

finger-like projections in the membrane of the small intestine

47
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

the absorption of monosaccharides, fatty acids +glycerol and amino acids

48
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A
  • pushes undigested food/waste/feces to the rectum

- absorbs water back into the body

49
Q

what are the three segments of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
50
Q

what is the function of the duodenum?

A
  • receives chyme from the stomach

- most mechanical and chemical digestion occurs here

51
Q

what is the function of the jejunum?

A
  • continues the breakdown, most absorption occurs here
52
Q

what is the function of the ileum?

A

absorbs nutrients and pushes undigested material to large intestine

53
Q

what chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum?

A

enzymes break down carbohydrates

54
Q

what hormones are released in the duodenum?

A
  • secretin

- CCK

55
Q

what are the two networks and where are they?

A
  • in the small intestine

- capillary and lymph

56
Q

what does the capillary network do?

A

absorbs amino acids and monosaccharides

57
Q

what does the lymph network do?

A

absorbs fatty acids and glycerol

58
Q

where are amino acids absorbed?

A

in the villi of the small intestine

59
Q

where is glucose absorbed?

A

in the villi of the small intestine

60
Q

what is the structure of the pancreas?

A

feather-like organ under the stomach on top of the small intestine

61
Q

what is the structure of the liver?

A

has 4 lobes

62
Q

what is the structure of the large intestine?

A

wider than the small intestine, but only about 1.5m long

63
Q

what are the measurements of the small intestine?

A

7m x 2.5cm

64
Q

what do hormones do?

A

control how we process, digest and absorb food

65
Q

what does the colon do?

A

absorbs water and salts

66
Q

what happens when we absorb too much water?

A

constipation

67
Q

what happens when we don’t absorb enough water?

A

diarrhea

68
Q

what does the rectum do?

A

receives and stores digested material before elimination

69
Q

what does emulsify mean?

A

grinding into smaller pieces to increase surface area (bile)

bio-20 (10 decks)

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