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ecosystems & population Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the classifications of organisms from simplest to most complex?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, complete organism

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2
Q

what are the classifications of biomes from least complex to most?

A

species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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3
Q

what is a habitat?

A

an area or place in a biome with a specific set of characteristics in which a species live

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4
Q

what is an example of a habitat?

A

squirrels live in trees

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5
Q

what is a range?

A

geographical area where the population of species is found

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6
Q

what is an example of a range?

A

raccoons live in many parts of Canada

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7
Q

what is a population?

A

same species, same area, same time

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8
Q

what are the two categories for population limiting factors?

A
  1. internal factors

2. external factors

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9
Q

what will happen if population growth isn’t balanced?

A

organisms would reproduce out of control

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10
Q

what are the internal limiting factors?

A
  1. birth potential
  2. capacity for survival
  3. breeding frequency
  4. length of reproductive life
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11
Q

what is birth potential?

A

max number of offspring per birth

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12
Q

what is capacity for survival

A

number of offspring that reach reproductive age

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13
Q

what is breeding frequency?

A

number of times a species reproduces in a year

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14
Q

what is the length of reproductive life?

A

the age of sexual maturity and the number of years an individual can reproduce

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15
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

the theoretical maximum population size that an ecosystem/environment can maintain over an extended period of time (BR = DR)

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16
Q

what do abiotic and biotic factors do?

A

they limit the number of individuals in a population

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17
Q

what are the external limiting factors?

A

abiotic and biotic factors

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18
Q

what are biotic factors?

A

living factors that influence an organism

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19
Q

what are abiotic factors?

A

non-living factors that influence an organism

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20
Q

what are examples of abiotic factors?

A

soil type, moisture, humidity, temperature, water source

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21
Q

what are three biotic factors?

A
  1. competition
  2. predators
  3. parasites
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22
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

members of the same species competing for resources

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23
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

members of different species competing for resources

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24
Q

what is predation?

A

consumption of one organism by another

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25
Q

what is parasitism?

A

when one organism (the parasite) benefits from another (the host), the host is harmed in some way

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26
Q

what are the two types of competition?

A

intraspecific and interspecific

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27
Q

what are the two types of sections ecologists use to sample population?

A
  1. transect

2. quadrat

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28
Q

what is a community?

A

multiple populations, same area, same time

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29
Q

what is an ecosystem?

A

multiple different populations interacting within the same environment

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30
Q

what are the two types of factors affecting ecosystems?

A
  1. density dependant factors

2. density independant factors

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31
Q

what are density dependant factors?

A
  • factors in an ecosystem that affect members of a population because of population density
  • often biotic factors
  • ex. shortage of food, disease
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32
Q

what are density independent factors?

A
  • factors in an ecosystem that affect members of a population regardless of population density
  • often abiotic
  • ex. natural disasters, loss of habitat
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33
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

the role that a species’ members play in an ecosystem (aka. a species’ job in the ecosystem)

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34
Q

what is an indicator species?

A

a species that is very sensitive to small changes in an ecosystem and its environmental conditions, it lets us know when there is something wrong within the system

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35
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the practice of classifying living things

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36
Q

what did Aristotle do?

A

he discovered the two Kingdoms: Plant or Animal

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37
Q

what did Haekel do?

A

he added a 3rd Kingdom: Protista

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38
Q

what are the 6 Kingdoms?

A
  1. Plantae
  2. Animalia
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Eubacteria
  6. Archaeobacteria
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39
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Eukarya
  3. Archaea
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40
Q

who discovered the Plant and Animal Kingdoms?

A

Aristotle

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41
Q

who discovered the Protista Kingdom?

A

Haekel

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42
Q

who created “Classification”?

A

Carl Linnaeus

43
Q

what are the 7 subdivisions of a Kingdom from broadest to most specific?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

44
Q

what is the acronym for the subdivisions of a Kingdom?

A

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

45
Q

what did Carl Linnaeus do?

A

he created classification

46
Q

what is a species?

A

a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under normal conditions to produce fertile offspring

47
Q

what is adaptation?

A

a structural, behavioural or psychological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce

48
Q

can adaptations be learned?

A

no you must be born with them

49
Q

do adaptations happen quickly?

A

no they are gradual changes that take place over time

50
Q

what is the result of a population that reproduces quickly?

A

they adapt quickly

51
Q

can individuals adapt?

A

no only populations

52
Q

what must happen in order for an adaptation to occur?

A

variations of that trait must be present in the population/among the species

53
Q

what is a variation?

A

a visible or invisible difference from one individual to the next

54
Q

what is the result of an advantageous variation?

A

it is more likely to be passed on, it will then become more common from generation to generation until it becomes a trait of the population

55
Q

what are the two sources of variation?

A
  1. sexual reproduction

2. mutations

56
Q

which source of variation has a higher chance of variation?

A

sexual reproduction because genes are passed down to offspring

57
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes/mistakes in the genetic material of an organism , they can be visible or invisible

58
Q

how do mutations happen?

A

they can be natural or caused by a mutagen

59
Q

what are the three types of mutations?

A
  1. neutral
  2. harmful
  3. beneficial
60
Q

what is a selective advantage?

A

a characteristic that improves an organism’s chance of growth, survival and reproductive ability

61
Q

what is fitness?

A

the ability to successfully reproduce

62
Q

what is a selective disadvantage?

A

a characteristic that does not improve survival capabilities

63
Q

do all mutations lead to adaptations?

A

no

64
Q

What did Charles Darwin find?

A

he found fossils that closely resemble current life forms, species living in South America don’t resemble those living in Africa and 13 similar species of finches with slight variations and distinct adaptations

65
Q

what is Darwin’s theory?

A

theory of natural selection; through generations of surviving, a trait becomes more common as it is naturally selected for, maybe so common that is becomes a characteristic of that species

66
Q

what is natural selection?

A

natural selection is the process of a population changing because individuals with certain traits can survive better and pass on these traits to their offspring

67
Q

what must be present for natural selection to occur?

A

there must be variety or diversity within a species

68
Q

what is selective pressure?

A

any phenomena that alters the behaviour and fitness of living organisms

69
Q

what is the driving force of natural selection?

A

selective pressure

70
Q

what are the 5 aspects of Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A
  1. overproduction
  2. competition
  3. variation
  4. survival of the fittest
  5. origins of new species
71
Q

what is overproduction?

A

when more offspring are produced than are intended to survive

72
Q

what is survival of the fittest

A

an organism that has a trait that somehow gives it an advantage over other organisms of the same species in that environment

73
Q

what is the theory of evolution based on?

A
  1. changes in DNA (mutations)

2. pressure from the environment

74
Q

what are the two types of evolution?

A
  1. divergent evolution

2. convergent evolution

75
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

members of a species develop variations and differences

76
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

when members of unrelated species start to develop similar traits

77
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

the history of evolution of a species

78
Q

what are the 7 types of evidence of evolution?

A
  1. fossil record
  2. radioactive dating
  3. biogeography
  4. anatomy
  5. embryology
  6. biochemistry
  7. artificial selection
79
Q

what is palaeontology?

A

the study of fossils

80
Q

when are fossils formed?

A

when the bodies of organisms become trapped in sediments

81
Q

what are transitional fossils?

A

fossils that show links between groups of organisms that help fill in the gaps in fossil records

82
Q

what are index fossils?

A

a fossil used to determine the age of a fossil, rock or the rock layer it is found in

83
Q

what are the 3 requirements of a good index fossil?

A
  1. easily recognizable
  2. widely found
  3. short lived so that they are only found in one strata
84
Q

what is radioactive dating?

A

a technique used to determine the age of a rock or fossil, the level of radioactive decay in the rock/fossil is measured to determine the age

85
Q

what is biogeography?

A

the study of past and present geographical distribution of life on earth

86
Q

what are homologous features?

A

features with similar structures but different functions derived from a common ancestor

87
Q

what are analogous features?

A

features that are similar in function and appearance but do not have the same evolutionary origin

88
Q

what are vestigial features?

A

structures that have no useful function/purpose in modern organisms but had use in ancestral form

89
Q

what is embryology?

A

the embryos of different organisms exhibit similar stages of embryonic development

90
Q

what is biochemistry?

A

if two species have similar patterns in portions of their DNA, this similarity indicates that they were most likely derived from a common ancestor

91
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

the process of humans selecting a breeding individuals with the desired trait

92
Q

what is speciation?

A

the formation of a new species due to gradual changes over a long period of time

93
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

the diversification of a common ancestor into a variety of species

94
Q

what are the two pathways of the formation of a new species?

A
  1. transformation

2. divergent evolution

95
Q

what is transformation?

A

one species evolving into a different species

96
Q

what are the two types of barriers that cause speciation?

A
  1. geographical

2. biological

97
Q

what are geographical barriers?

A

physical barriers such as mountains or rivers

98
Q

what are biological barriers?

A

behaviour that keeps two groups of the same species separate

99
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

a three step process of a new species being formed

100
Q

what are the three steps of allopatric speciation?

A
  1. population is separated by a physical or behavioural barrier
  2. natural selection works on the separate groups independently
  3. in time accumulated differences are so pronounced that two distinct species are formed
101
Q

what is the theory of gradualism?

A

that evolution/speciation occurs at a slow, steady pace

102
Q

what is the theory of punctuated equilibrium?

A

long periods of time in which little change occurs, followed by the abrupt appearance of many new species

103
Q

what are the three types of adaptations?

A

behavioural, physiological and structural

bio-20 (10 decks)

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