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cell respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to release energy by oxidizing molecules of glucose to carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what does oxidation mean?

A

a loss of electrons

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3
Q

what does reduced mean?

A

a gain of electrons

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4
Q

what % glucose is converted to energy and how much is released?

A

36% is converted to ATP

64% is given off as heat to help maintain body temperature

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5
Q

what are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A
  1. NADH

2. FADH2

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6
Q

what are the 5 parts of the mitochondria?

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. inter-membrane space
  4. matrix
  5. cristae
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7
Q

what are the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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8
Q

what are the two pathways of cellular respiration?

A
  1. aerobic

2. anaerobic

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9
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

a cellular respiration pathway that requires oxygen in order for reactions to occur

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10
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm (outside of the mitochondria)

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11
Q

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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12
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

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13
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

the first of 4 steps in aerobic CR, this is the process of a single glucose molecule being broken down into two pyruvate molecules, producing 2 NADH and 2 ATP in the process

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14
Q

what is pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • this is the second step in aerobic CR
  • this is the process of pyruvate losing a carbon atom as CO2, the pyruvate then become a 2 carbon molecule bonded with an acetyl group
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15
Q

what are the end products of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 acetyl CoA
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16
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

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17
Q

is pyruvate oxidation aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

18
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

19
Q

is Krebs cycle anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

20
Q

what are the end products of Krebs cycle?

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
21
Q

what has happened to all 6 carbon atoms by the end of Krebs cycle?

A

they have all been oxidized and released as CO2

22
Q

how many ATP are produced by the end of stage 3?

A

4

23
Q

how many ATP are produced by the end of stage 4?

A

36

24
Q

how many NADH are produced by the end of stage 3?

A

10

25
Q

what type of cell contains the highest number of mitochondria?

A

muscle

26
Q

what is the first electron acceptor?

A

NADH

27
Q

what is the second electron acceptor?

A

FADH2

28
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

O2

29
Q

what stage of CR does not directly produce ATP?

A

pyruvate oxidation

30
Q

what us the main role of FADH2?

A

to accept electrons

31
Q

when does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

in the absence of oxygen

32
Q

what does anaerobic respiration result in?

A

incomplete oxidation of glucose

33
Q

how many stages are in anaerobic respiration?

A

2

34
Q

what is the first stage of anaerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

35
Q

why doesn’t anaerobic respiration have a functioning electron transport chain?

A

because there is no oxygen present to grab electrons off ETC at the end

36
Q

what are the 2 main methods of anaerobically recycling NADH?

A
  1. alcohol fermentation

2. lactic acid fermentation

37
Q

what is fermentation?

A

a metabolic pathway that includes glycolysis and one or two other reactions in which MADH is oxidized to NAD+ by reducing pyruvate

38
Q

what is alcohol fermentation?

A

a carbon dioxide molecule is removed from pyruvate (2) creating a 2 carbon molecule called acetaldehyde (2) , NADH (2) then passes their e- and H+ to acetaldehyde, creating NAD+ (2) and ethanol (2)

39
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation?

A

NADH generated during glycolysis transfers its H+ to pyruvate, changing it to lactic acid and regenerating NAD+

40
Q

what happens when there is an accumulation of lactic acid in the body?

A

can cause stiffness and fatigue

41
Q

when does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

mainly during times of strenuous exercise, when muscles require more ATP then aerobic respiration can provide

42
Q

what stage(s) of anaerobic respiration does ATP get produced?

A

just during glycolysis, so only 2 ATP are produced

bio-20 (10 decks)

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