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Human Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the definition of METABOLISM?

A

all chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

what is the definition of CATABOLISM?

A

the break down of complex chemical structures to simpler molecules (an example of metabolism)

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3
Q

what is the definition of ANABOLISM?

A

combining simple molecules into complex structures (an example of metabolism)

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4
Q

what is a MACRONUTRIENT?

A
  • any nutrient required in large amounts

- generally used as a source of energy (ex. macromolecules –> carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

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5
Q

what is a MICRONUTRIENT?

A
  • any nutrient required in small amounts
  • can’t be used for energy
  • essential
  • play a unique role in the body (ex. micromolecules —-> vitamins + minerals
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6
Q

what are the two classes of nutrients?

A
  1. non-essential

2. essential

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7
Q

what is a non-essential nutrient?

A

necessary, but can be made by the body if lacking in diet

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8
Q

what is an essential nutrient?

A

must come from an external source (the body can’t make it)

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9
Q

what are MACROMOLECULES?

A
  • large, complex organic molecules
  • they are too large to be absorbed, the body must use hydrolysis to break them down and dehydration synthesis to rebuild them
  • these include carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
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10
Q

what is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?

A
  • assembling of macromolecules from smaller units
  • OH removed from one molecule and H removed from another —> empty space joins together
  • gets help from enzymes
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11
Q

what is HYDROLYSIS?

A
  • breaking down of a macromolecule into smaller subunits
  • water is needed/added
  • gets help from enzymes
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12
Q

what is an ENZYME?

A

a biological catalyst

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13
Q

what is the main role of a carbohydrate?

A

to provide the body with energy

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14
Q

what are carbs composed of?

A

C, H + O

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15
Q

what are the three main types of carbs?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
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16
Q

what is a MONOMER?

A

general term for the smallest repeating unit

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17
Q

what is an ISOMER?

A

same chemical formula, but different arrangements

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18
Q

what is a MONOSACCHARIDE?

A
  • simple sugar

- most common: glucose, fructose, galactose

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19
Q

what is a DISACCHARIDE?

A
  • formed when 2 monosaccharides are chemically bonded together through a dehydration reaction
  • a glycosidic bond is formed between each monosaccharide
  • broken by addition of water
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20
Q

what is a POLYSACCHARIDE?

A
  • more than 3 monosaccharides bonded together
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21
Q

what is a STARCH?

A
  • starch is linear unbranched chains of glucose units

- insoluble in water

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22
Q

what is GLYCOGEN?

A
  • highly branched chains of glucose units

- broken back down into glucose when energy is needed

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23
Q

what are the roles of fats/lipids

A

they provide the body with energy, build cell membranes, insulation and protection

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24
Q

what are fats/lipids composed of?

A

C,H + O (makes them similar to carbs)

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25
Q

are fats/lipids soluble?

A

no

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26
Q

why do you get more energy out of fats than other macromolecules?

A

because they are high energy molecules, but the body does not choose fats to get energy from

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27
Q

what two component cells are lipids digested into?

A
  1. glycerol

2. fatty acid

28
Q

what are the three types of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
29
Q

what are triglycerides used for?

A

used for storing energy

30
Q

what do phospholipids make up?

A

they make up cell membranes

31
Q

what do steroids form?

A

sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen)

32
Q

what are the two types of fatty acid chains?

A
  1. unsaturated

2. saturated

33
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A
  • at least one double bonded carbon atom

- liquid at room temperature

34
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid?

A
  • all of its carbon atoms joined by single bonds

- solid at room temperature

35
Q

what are the roles of proteins?

A
  • to build and repair cells
  • the “doing” molecules in a cell
  • make up most cellular structures
  • 80% of the body’s structure is protein
  • built by ribosomes
36
Q

what do proteins act as?

A
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • hormones
  • energy source
  • transport molecules
  • structural components of cells
37
Q

what are amino acids?

A

the monomer of a protein

38
Q

what are amino acids made of?

A

C, H, O + N

39
Q

how many different amino acids exist?

A

20

40
Q

what causes amino acids to vary?

A

their “R Group”

41
Q

how many amino acids can our bodies make?

A

our bodies can make 11/20 amino acids, the other nine come from our diets

42
Q

what are chains of amino acids called?

A

polypeptides

43
Q

what is the name of the bond that joins one amino acid to another?

A

peptide bond

44
Q

how many amino acids make up a polypeptide?

A

3-300

45
Q

can the body store amino acids?

A

no

46
Q

where are excess amino acids rearranged?

A

the liver

47
Q

what are the 4 protein structures?

A
  1. Primary Structure
  2. Secondary Structure
  3. Tertiary Structure
  4. Quaternary Structure
48
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A
  • a long wavy chain of amino acids
49
Q

what are the two secondary structures of proteins?

A
  1. alpha helix (spiral/coil) - stretches

2. beta pleated (zigzag) - does not stretch

50
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A
  • different types of structures together
51
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

more than one protein bonded to another

52
Q

what can alter a protein’s shape?

A
  • heat
  • radiation
  • bacteria
  • illness
  • pH
53
Q

what process breaks down proteins?

A

hydrolysis

54
Q

where are proteins first digested?

A

the stomach

55
Q

what does the iodine test test for?

A

tests for starch

56
Q

what does Benedict’s test test for?

A

tests for reducing sugar

57
Q

what does the brown paper test test for?

A

tests for lipids

58
Q

what does the biuret test test for?

A

tests for proteins

59
Q

what is the main role of nucleic acids?

A

to direct the growth and development of all organisms

60
Q

what are the 3 nucleotides?

A
  1. sugar
  2. phosphate
  3. nitrogen ring
61
Q

what are micromolecules?

A
  • not used as an energy source
  • only need small amounts
  • vitamins/minerals
62
Q

what is the main role of vitamins?

A
  • they help enzymes function

- called “coenzymes”

63
Q

what are water soluble vitamins?

A

they must dissolve in water for absorbtion

64
Q

what are fat soluble vitamins?

A

they will only be absorbed if there is fat in the intestine (should be taken with meals)

65
Q

what vitamins can be stored in the body?

A

A and D

66
Q

which vitamins can the body produce?

A

D, K and B

67
Q

what are the main roles of minerals?

A
  • assist in body functions
  • make up essential components of hormones and enzymes
  • called “cofactors”

bio-20 (10 decks)

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