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bio-20 > circulatory system #3 > Flashcards

circulatory system #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood forced out of the heart with each beat (mL/beat)

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2
Q

what is the average stroke volume?

A

70mL/beat

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3
Q

what does a larger stroke volume mean?

A

a stronger heart

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4
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

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5
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

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6
Q

what is the average cardiac output?

A

4900mL/min

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7
Q

what does your cardiac output depend on?

A
  • the strength of your heart
  • your size
  • your age
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8
Q

how does size affect cardiac output?

A

the smaller you are, the less blood you have, less blood pumped per minute

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9
Q

how does age affect cardiac output?

A

as you get older, heart rate decreases, therefore cardiac output decreases

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10
Q

how can you change cardiac output?

A
  • exercise - temporary change in HR

- age - due to decrease in HR

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11
Q

what factors affect blood pressure?

A
  • eating
  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • high altitudes
  • stress
  • atherosclerosis (plaque on artery walls)
  • exercise
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12
Q

what is myocardial infarction?

A

interruption of blood supply to the heart (clot in an artery)

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13
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

abnormal ballooning of an artery

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14
Q

what is a stroke?

A

loss of blood flow to a part of the brain - brain can’t get enough oxygen

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15
Q

what are congenital heart defects?

A

defects in the structure of the heart or great vessel, present at birth

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16
Q

what are the two components of blood?

A
  • plasma

- blood cells

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17
Q

how much of blood is made up of plasma?

A

55%

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18
Q

how much of blood is made up of blood cells?

A

45%

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19
Q

what are the characteristics of plasma?

A
  • slightly basic
  • yellow colour
  • 90% water
  • organic substances (proteins, carbs, etc)
  • CO2 and O2
  • hormones and minerals
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20
Q

what % of plasma is water?

A

90%

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of blood cells?

A
  1. erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. leukocytes (white blood cells)
  3. thrombocytes (platelets)
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22
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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23
Q

what % of blood volume do erythrocytes make up?

A

44%

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24
Q

where do erythrocytes originate?

A

bone marrow

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25
Q

what is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

to carry oxygen throughout the body - 20 secs to circulate

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26
Q

what are the characteristics of erythrocytes?

A
  • lack cell nucleus (enucleated)

- bi-concave structure (increases surface area)

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27
Q

what is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

100-120 days

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28
Q

what molecule does red blood cell contain?

A

hemoglobin

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29
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

a molecule with iron for carrying oxygen

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30
Q

how many hemoglobin per RBC?

A

280 million/RBC

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31
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

the process of producing RBCs

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32
Q

what is the process of producing RBCs called?

A

erythropoiesis

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33
Q

how many RBCs can bone marrow produce per second?

A

2.2 million/sec

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34
Q

what determines RBC production?

A

determined by the amount of O2 available

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35
Q

what happens when oxygen levels are low?

A

kidneys secrete erythropoietin (hormone) which stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs

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36
Q

what happens to our oxygen levels after we donate blood or are at a high altitude?

A

it lowers

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37
Q

what does the spleen do?

A
  • stores extra RBCs for emergencies

- filters blood and destroys worn out RBCs

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38
Q

what % of blood volume do leukocytes make up?

A

they make up <1% of blood volume

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39
Q

what are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells

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40
Q

where do leukocytes originate?

A

the bone marrow and thymus gland

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41
Q

what is the ratio of WBCs to RBCs?

A

1:700

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42
Q

what are the two categories of leukocytes?

A
  1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

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43
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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44
Q

what are the types of agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

45
Q

what do lymphocytes and monocytes evolve into?

A

macrophages

46
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes?

A

antibody production

47
Q

what is the function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis

48
Q

what is the function of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis

49
Q

what do neutrophils look like?

A

they are multi lobed nucleus

50
Q

what do lymphocytes look like?

A

large round nucleus

51
Q

what do monocytes look like?

A

C-shaped nucleus

52
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A
  • platelets
  • tiny cell fragments from the bone marrow
  • they have no nucleus and they breakdown quickly
53
Q

what is the main function of a thrombocyte?

A

blood clotting to prevent blood loss

54
Q

what attracts platelets when an injury occurs?

A

collagen fibres attract platelets like a magnet when they are exposed to the bloodstream

55
Q

what is the blood clotting procedure?

A
  • when platelets arrive at an injury, they rupture and release a protein called thromboplastin
  • thromboplastin combines with calcium and activates a protein called prothrombin
  • thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin
  • fibrin then forms a mesh of fibres to clot and close a wound
56
Q

is fibrin soluble?

A

no

57
Q

what Is thermoregulation?

A

keeping the temperature of the body within a range that allows cells to function normally

58
Q

what is body temp regulated by?

A

the brain

59
Q

what is the average core temp of a human?

A

~37 degrees celcius

60
Q

what controls heat loss?

A

the nervous system, blood vessels near the skin surface can dilate or constrict to control heat loss

61
Q

how does vasodilation affect body temp?

A

increases heat loss

62
Q

how does vasoconstriction affect body temp?

A

decreases heat loss (conserves heat)

63
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for monitoring body temp?

A

the hypothalamus

64
Q

what happens when your body temp is too high?

A
  • blood vessels near skin surface dilate

- sweating begins to cool the body

65
Q

what happens when your body temperature is too cold?

A
  • vessels constrict to limit blood flow to extremities
  • hairs on arm raise to trap warm air (goosebumps)
  • shivering begins (quick contractions of skeletal muscles)
66
Q

what are antigens?

A
  • the markers that classify a person’s blood type
  • they are a cell’s ID
  • they are inherited
67
Q

what are antibodies?

A
  • Y-shaped proteins created by your body that bind to specific antigens
  • they bind to foreign antigens to disable them
  • specifically designed to target forge in invaders
68
Q

where are antibodies found?

A

in the plasma

69
Q

what are the two antigen systems?

A
  1. ABO system

2. Rh system

70
Q

what are the two inherited antigens?

A

A and B

71
Q

what do RBC antigens form?

A

naturally occurring complimentary antibodies

72
Q

what is agglutination?

A
  • aka. clumping

- occurs if blood types are not compatible - can be deadly

73
Q

what are blood donations?

A

donating whole blood, but it is then separated into its parts (WBCs, RBCs, and plasma)

74
Q

what are blood transfusions?

A

the transfer of only the blood cells, not the plasma, from one person to another

75
Q

what is a universal donor?

A

blood type -O is the universal donor because it doesn’t contain any antigens

76
Q

can antibodies be transfused?

A

no

77
Q

what is a universal recipient?

A

blood type AB+ is the universal recipient because it’s plasma doesn’t contain any antibodies

78
Q

what happens if the wrong blood type is transfused?

A

agglutination (clumping) will occur because the body will reject the antigens and form antibodies against them

79
Q

what is the Rh system?

A

a system separate from the ABO system, it is another set of antigens found on most blood cells

80
Q

what is hemolytic disease of newborns?

A

this is when a mother is Rh- and has one Rh+ baby, during birth she develops anti-Rh antibodies, so if she has another Rh+ baby, her antibodies will attack the baby’s red blood cells, possibly killing it

81
Q

what is anemia?

A

reduced red blood cells

82
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

insufficient clotting protein inherited

83
Q

what is leukaemia?

A

cancer of the white blood cell

84
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of ducts and nodes containing lymph that runs parallel too to blood vessels

85
Q

what is lymph?

A

pale yellow - colourless fluid

86
Q

what are lymph nodes?

A

nodes located around the body that store lymphocytes (filter lymph)

87
Q

what happens when lymph nodes are working extra hard?

A

they swell

88
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  • to collect lymph
  • to maintain fluid balance through subclavian ducts
  • fat transportation through intestinal villi
  • to aid in immunity
89
Q

how does the lymphatic system aid with immunity?

A
  • WBC mature in lymph nodes

- lymph vessels also contain macrophages

90
Q

what are the lymphatic organs?

A
  • thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

- they all help to create leukocytes

91
Q

which lines of defence in the immune system are specific/nonspecific?

A
  • 1st and 2nd are non specific

- 3rd is specific

92
Q

what is the first defence?

A

barriers

93
Q

what are the barriers of the first defence?

A
  • skin (keratinized and acidic)
  • mucus (traps particles)
  • cilia (catch particles)
  • saliva + tears (contain enzymes)
  • acidic stomach (destroys foreign substances)
94
Q

what is the second defence?

A

inflammatory response (cell mediated immunity)

95
Q

what happens during the second defence?

A
  • macrophages and neutrophils (phagocytes) are activated
  • damaged tissues release histamine
  • histamine causes capillaries to swell and leak - releasing phagocytes
  • phagocytes then “eat” any bacteria and dead debris in infected tissue
96
Q

what is the third defence?

A

7-step immune response (antibody mediated immunity)

97
Q

what are the two main types of lymphocytes?

A

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

98
Q

where do B-cells mature?

A

in the Bone marrow

99
Q

where do T-cells mature?

A

in the Thymus

100
Q

what are the two types of B-cells?

A

Plasma B and Memory B

101
Q

what are the four types of T-cells?

A

Helper T, Killer T, Suppressor T and Memory T

102
Q

what are plasma B-cells?

A
  • they make antibodies that match the foreign invaders

- binding of the antibody to the antigen results in disabling of the antigen

103
Q

what are memory B-cells?

A

remember the invaders for next time so that antibodies are made sooner in response

104
Q

what are helper T-cells?

A

recognize antigens and give off chemical signals that stimulate macrophages, B-cells and other T-cells

105
Q

what are killer T-cells?

A

attaches itself to damaged cells, releases toxins to split the cell thereby killing the invader and itself

106
Q

what are suppressor T-cells?

A

slow/turn off immune response to protect healthy tissues after invader is killed off

107
Q

what are memory T-cells?

A

remain in the bloodstream after immune response is shut down, if antigen is encountered again it will start immune response quickly (like memory B)

108
Q

what is the process of the 3rd defence?

A

1: monocytes identify foreign cells
2: monocyte changes into macrophage, adheres to organism and slowly eats it
3: macrophage places intruders antigens on its outer membrane - this alarms other cells
4: helper T-cells make copy of antigen, activate plasma B cells and killer T cells
5: plasma B cells divide rapidly and also make antibodies that correspond to antigen
6: antibodies attach to antigen (antigen-antibody complex), dump together, easier for the macrophages to find and destroy cells
7: when invasion is under control, suppressor T cells shut off the immune response

109
Q

what is the antigen- antibody complex?

A

what is is called when antibodies attach to antigen

bio-20 (10 decks)

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