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Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration

A

Exchange of gases between two environments

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

Oxygen moves from medium to blood and carbon dioxide moves from blood to medium

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3
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Oxygen moves from medium to tissue and carbon dioxide moves from tissues to blood

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4
Q

What is ventilation

A

Movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surfaces where respiratory capillaries are found

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5
Q

What is perfusion

A

Passage of blood through the vessels

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6
Q

What happens to concentration when pressure increases

A

Concentration increases

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7
Q

What is the amount of pressure at high and low elevations

A

At high elevations pressure is low and at low elevations pressure is high

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8
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and concentration

A

Temperature increases when concentration decreases and visa versa

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9
Q

What is the ideal gas law

A

The total pressure exerted by a gas related to the number of moles and volume of the chamber
PV=nRT

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10
Q

If you have an increasing temperature with constant pressure what happens to the volume and concentration

A

Increase in volume and/or concentration decreases

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11
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

Gas in mixture exerts its own partial pressure and the total pressure is the sum of all partial pressures

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12
Q

What is Henry’s law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in liquid determined by the partial pressure and solubility

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13
Q

What is the result of Henry’s law

A

Concentration is dependent on temperature and solubility

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14
Q

What is solubility dependent on

A

Solute (gas)
Solvent (liquid)
Temperature

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15
Q

In what water type is oxygen less soluble

A

Saltwater because solubility decreases as concentration decreases and there is less concentration of oxygen in saltwater than freshwater

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16
Q

What is grahams law

A

Diffusion is proportional to solubility and inversely proportional to molecular weight

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17
Q

What is ficks law of diffusion

A

As the concentration gradient decreases the rate if diffusion decreases

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18
Q

Which direction does fluid flow

A

From high to low pressure

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19
Q

How does resistance work in the respiratory system

A

Similar to circulatory system
Flow is through tubes
Same factors affecting resistance in blood vessels affect flow is respiratory system

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20
Q

What is cutaneous respiration

A

Respiration through the integument

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21
Q

What are gills and how are they different than lungs

A

Gills are evaginations of the body surface
Lungs are invaginations of the body surface

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22
Q

What is nondirectional ventilation

A

Respiratory medium flows past gas exchange surface unpredictably

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23
Q

What is tidal ventilation

A

Respiratory medium moves in and out using the same channels

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24
Q

What is unidirectional ventilation

A

Respiratory medium enters the respiratory chamber at one point and exits at another point

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25
Q

What is concurrent flow

A

Blood flow is the same direction as the respiratory medium
Pressure of oxygen in blood equilibrates with pressure of oxygen of respiratory medium

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26
Q

What is countercurrent flow

A

Blood flows in opposite direction as the respiratory medium
Pressure of oxygen of the blood can be higher than the equilibration point

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27
Q

What is cross current flow

A

Blood flows obliquely to the respiratory medium
Pressure of oxygen of blood can become higher than equilibration point but not as high as the countercurrent flow

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28
Q

What is the order of ventilation from weakest to strongest

A

Concurrent, cross current, counter current

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29
Q

What causes vasoconstriction of capillaries

A

Under ventilated surfaces

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30
Q

Which type of ventilation is more energetically costly

A

Tidal is more than unidirectional

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31
Q

What is the process of inhalation and exhalation using the gills

A

Gills set in operculum and water flows into Bucal cavity
Pressure in the bucal cavity increases so volume of water decreases inside of bucal cavity which causes operculum cavity to open and water flows in
Volume increases and pressure decreases in opercular cavity due to opercular cavity opening
Operculum swings shut so volume decreases and pressure increases which causes countercurrent exchange in the lamellae
This leads to increased pressure of oxygen in the blood

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32
Q

Why is a sharks respiratory system different than a normal fish

A

They don’t have an operculum so by swimming they create a force that brings water into opercular cavity to start the process

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33
Q

How does the bucal opercular pump work

A

Increases volume of bucal cavity by opening mouth which decreases pressure
Water is forced from bucal cavity past the gills
The floor of the bucal cavity lowers and increases volume of bucal cavity which decreases pressure
The opercular cavity is expanded and pressure is decreased
Water flows from bucal cavity to opercular cavity
Floor of bucal cavity is raised to force water from bucal cavity into opercular cavity
Decrease opercular cavity forces water in opercular cavity through the opercular opening

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34
Q

How does water flow between secondary lamellae? What about blood?

A

Water flows in one direction
Blood flows in the opposite direction

35
Q

What is the importance of gills collapsing in the air

A

The respiratory medium cannot ventilate the respiratory surfaces

36
Q

How does respiration of an amphibian work

A

Lower the bucal floor which increases volume of the bucal cavity and decreases pressure so air moves to bucal cavity
Mouth and nares close so bucal floor is raised which decreases volume and increases pressure of the bucal cavity so air moves to the lungs
Bucal floor is lowered which increases volume and decreases pressure of the bucal cavity so air moves from lungs to bucal cavity and there is slight contraction of lungs due to intercostal muscles

37
Q

What is bucal fluttering

A

Air is quickly forced in and out of bucal cavity so majority of the air in the bucal cavity prior to forcing it into the lungs is fresh air

38
Q

What is cutaneous respiration

A

Exchange gases through the skin with a modified crosscurrent flow mechanism

39
Q

What lung types do reptiles have

A

Unicameral or multicameral

40
Q

What is inspiration in reptiles

A

Increasing the volume of chest cavity through intercostal muscles

41
Q

What is expiration in reptiles

A

Decrease volume of chest cavity through intercostal muscles
Forcing air out

42
Q

What structures do each group of organisms use for ventilation

A

Birds use diaphraymatticus
Mammals use diaphragm
Lizards use intercostal muscles
Turtles use intercostal muscles and legs

43
Q

When the diaphragm flattens what happens

A

Increase in volume of thoracic cavity which means decrease pressure which creates a pressure gradient so air can move from environment into thoracic cavity so pressure must go below atmospheric pressure

44
Q

What is the technical term for butt breathing

A

Cloacal respiration

45
Q

Why are cloacal bursae important

A

They have lots of papillae that are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange

46
Q

What are air sacs

A

Non respiratory regions that include anterior and posterior
Leads to unidirectional flow and creates countercurrent flow between blood vessels and respiratory medium

47
Q

What is the direction of ventilation

A

Air moves from primary bronchi branch into parabronchi and from parabronchi to ventral bronchus
The ventrobronchus leads to primary bronchus

48
Q

What is the pathway of airflow in the air sacs

A

The posterior air sacs increase volume and decrease pressure so air enters
Depression of air sac forces air into lungs which causes anterior air sac to increase in volume and decrease in pressure
Depression of the anterior air sac then forces air out into the environment

49
Q

In regards to air sacs what is happening at the same time

A

As the anterior air sac expands and air is forced in, new air is entering the posterior air sacs again

50
Q

When the diaphragm flattens what happens to volume and pressure

A

Increase in volume decrease in pressure
It is opposite for when the diaphragm becomes dome shaped

51
Q

What are alveoli

A

Thin blind ended sacs that are the site of gas exchange in mammals

52
Q

What are type I alveolar cells

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

53
Q

What are type II alveolar cells

A

Thicker epithelial cells responsible for secreting surfactant

54
Q

Why is surfactant important

A

They are lipoproteins that prevent mucous from forming which prevents alveoli from collapsing and getting stuck closed

55
Q

What is intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in the pleural fluid of the pleural cavity
It is subatmospheric

56
Q

What prevents the lungs from collapsing

A

Lower intrapleural pressure pulling on the lungs because pressure in the lungs at rest is atmospheric pressure
Pressure in the lungs must remain below atmospheric pressure

57
Q

What is compliance

A

How easily a structure is stretched
The higher the compliance the less change in pressure is needed to ventilate the lungs

58
Q

What is elastance

A

How readily a structure returns to its normal shape

59
Q

What is dead space

A

Portion of the respiratory system that air passes through that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

60
Q

What is alveolar dead space

A

Regions which could participate in respiration but don’t

61
Q

What happens when there is an increase in intrapleural pressure

A

Decrease in the pressure gradient so a decrease in compliance

62
Q

How does smoking affect the lungs

A

It kills type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant
There is a decrease in lung capacity so gas exchange isn’t efficient

63
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during one normal breath

64
Q

What are inspirations reserves

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inspired following normal inspiration

65
Q

What are expiratory reserves

A

amount of air that can be forcefully expired following normal expiration

66
Q

What is residual volume

A

Amount of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration

67
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve

68
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

Volume left in lungs after tidal volume expiration

69
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Total amount of exchangeable air
What we can forcefully remove from our Lungs

70
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

Sum of all lung volumes

71
Q

Oxygen transport is dissolved in fluid and solubility in aqueous soln is low so what solves this problem

A

Metalloproteins bind oxygen

72
Q

In what areas does oxygen flowing in and flowing out occur (two different areas)

A

Oxygen flows into vessels happens at the respiratory surface
Oxygen flowing out of the vessels happens at the tissues

73
Q

What are hemoglobins

A

Globin protein that is bound to heme with a ferrous iron center

74
Q

What are myoglobins

A

Found in muscle

75
Q

What is cooperativity

A

When oxygen binds it changes confirmation of hemoglobin and increases affinity for hemoglobin and oxygen so it’s easier for more oxygen molecules to bind

76
Q

When does saturation occur

A

When all available pigment molecules are bound

77
Q

What relationship does an oxygen equilibrium curve represent

A

Partial pressure of oxygen and percent of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

78
Q

What is the Bohr affect

A

Favors oxygen release
Decrease in pH, increase in pressure of CO2, increase in 2,3 DPG and increase in temp all reduce affinity for oxygen

79
Q

What is the haldane affect

A

Promotes release of CO2
Deoxygenated blood carriers more CO2 than oxygenated blood
Curve shifts left which promotes CO2 at ventilation surfaces
Increase pH, decrease 2,3 DPG, decrease temp

80
Q

How is a majority of CO2 transported

A

As bicarbonate aided by carbonic anhydrase which favors shift in chemical equilibrium

81
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles
Reduces oxygen uptake which increases blood pressure in the lungs and can lead to edema
Induce metabolic reduction including hibernation and torpor

82
Q

What is aerobic dive limit

A

Point at which organisms must surface or switch to anaerobic metabolism due to lack of oxygen

83
Q

What is decompression sickness

A

Increase in pressure at depths causes nitrogen to enter circulation, ascending too quickly causes nitrogen to come out of solution and form bubbles in blood which can block capillaries

84
Q

How is decompression sickness avoided

A

Diving mammals will exhale before diving

Physiology (13 decks)

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