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Physiology > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration

A

Exchange of gases between two environments

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

Oxygen moves from medium to blood and carbon dioxide moves from blood to medium

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3
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Oxygen moves from medium to tissue and carbon dioxide moves from tissues to blood

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4
Q

What is ventilation

A

Movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surfaces where respiratory capillaries are found

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5
Q

What is perfusion

A

Passage of blood through the vessels

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6
Q

What happens to concentration when pressure increases

A

Concentration increases

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7
Q

What is the amount of pressure at high and low elevations

A

At high elevations pressure is low and at low elevations pressure is high

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8
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and concentration

A

Temperature increases when concentration decreases and visa versa

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9
Q

What is the ideal gas law

A

The total pressure exerted by a gas related to the number of moles and volume of the chamber
PV=nRT

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10
Q

If you have an increasing temperature with constant pressure what happens to the volume and concentration

A

Increase in volume and/or concentration decreases

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11
Q

What is Dalton’s law of partial pressure

A

Gas in mixture exerts its own partial pressure and the total pressure is the sum of all partial pressures

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12
Q

What is Henry’s law

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in liquid determined by the partial pressure and solubility

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13
Q

What is the result of Henry’s law

A

Concentration is dependent on temperature and solubility

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14
Q

What is solubility dependent on

A

Solute (gas)
Solvent (liquid)
Temperature

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15
Q

In what water type is oxygen less soluble

A

Saltwater because solubility decreases as concentration decreases and there is less concentration of oxygen in saltwater than freshwater

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16
Q

What is grahams law

A

Diffusion is proportional to solubility and inversely proportional to molecular weight

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17
Q

What is ficks law of diffusion

A

As the concentration gradient decreases the rate if diffusion decreases

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18
Q

Which direction does fluid flow

A

From high to low pressure

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19
Q

How does resistance work in the respiratory system

A

Similar to circulatory system
Flow is through tubes
Same factors affecting resistance in blood vessels affect flow is respiratory system

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20
Q

What is cutaneous respiration

A

Respiration through the integument

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21
Q

What are gills and how are they different than lungs

A

Gills are evaginations of the body surface
Lungs are invaginations of the body surface

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22
Q

What is nondirectional ventilation

A

Respiratory medium flows past gas exchange surface unpredictably

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23
Q

What is tidal ventilation

A

Respiratory medium moves in and out using the same channels

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24
Q

What is unidirectional ventilation

A

Respiratory medium enters the respiratory chamber at one point and exits at another point

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25
What is concurrent flow
Blood flow is the same direction as the respiratory medium Pressure of oxygen in blood equilibrates with pressure of oxygen of respiratory medium
26
What is countercurrent flow
Blood flows in opposite direction as the respiratory medium Pressure of oxygen of the blood can be higher than the equilibration point
27
What is cross current flow
Blood flows obliquely to the respiratory medium Pressure of oxygen of blood can become higher than equilibration point but not as high as the countercurrent flow
28
What is the order of ventilation from weakest to strongest
Concurrent, cross current, counter current
29
What causes vasoconstriction of capillaries
Under ventilated surfaces
30
Which type of ventilation is more energetically costly
Tidal is more than unidirectional
31
What is the process of inhalation and exhalation using the gills
Gills set in operculum and water flows into Bucal cavity Pressure in the bucal cavity increases so volume of water decreases inside of bucal cavity which causes operculum cavity to open and water flows in Volume increases and pressure decreases in opercular cavity due to opercular cavity opening Operculum swings shut so volume decreases and pressure increases which causes countercurrent exchange in the lamellae This leads to increased pressure of oxygen in the blood
32
Why is a sharks respiratory system different than a normal fish
They don’t have an operculum so by swimming they create a force that brings water into opercular cavity to start the process
33
How does the bucal opercular pump work
Increases volume of bucal cavity by opening mouth which decreases pressure Water is forced from bucal cavity past the gills The floor of the bucal cavity lowers and increases volume of bucal cavity which decreases pressure The opercular cavity is expanded and pressure is decreased Water flows from bucal cavity to opercular cavity Floor of bucal cavity is raised to force water from bucal cavity into opercular cavity Decrease opercular cavity forces water in opercular cavity through the opercular opening
34
How does water flow between secondary lamellae? What about blood?
Water flows in one direction Blood flows in the opposite direction
35
What is the importance of gills collapsing in the air
The respiratory medium cannot ventilate the respiratory surfaces
36
How does respiration of an amphibian work
Lower the bucal floor which increases volume of the bucal cavity and decreases pressure so air moves to bucal cavity Mouth and nares close so bucal floor is raised which decreases volume and increases pressure of the bucal cavity so air moves to the lungs Bucal floor is lowered which increases volume and decreases pressure of the bucal cavity so air moves from lungs to bucal cavity and there is slight contraction of lungs due to intercostal muscles
37
What is bucal fluttering
Air is quickly forced in and out of bucal cavity so majority of the air in the bucal cavity prior to forcing it into the lungs is fresh air
38
What is cutaneous respiration
Exchange gases through the skin with a modified crosscurrent flow mechanism
39
What lung types do reptiles have
Unicameral or multicameral
40
What is inspiration in reptiles
Increasing the volume of chest cavity through intercostal muscles
41
What is expiration in reptiles
Decrease volume of chest cavity through intercostal muscles Forcing air out
42
What structures do each group of organisms use for ventilation
Birds use diaphraymatticus Mammals use diaphragm Lizards use intercostal muscles Turtles use intercostal muscles and legs
43
When the diaphragm flattens what happens
Increase in volume of thoracic cavity which means decrease pressure which creates a pressure gradient so air can move from environment into thoracic cavity so pressure must go below atmospheric pressure
44
What is the technical term for butt breathing
Cloacal respiration
45
Why are cloacal bursae important
They have lots of papillae that are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange
46
What are air sacs
Non respiratory regions that include anterior and posterior Leads to unidirectional flow and creates countercurrent flow between blood vessels and respiratory medium
47
What is the direction of ventilation
Air moves from primary bronchi branch into parabronchi and from parabronchi to ventral bronchus The ventrobronchus leads to primary bronchus
48
What is the pathway of airflow in the air sacs
The posterior air sacs increase volume and decrease pressure so air enters Depression of air sac forces air into lungs which causes anterior air sac to increase in volume and decrease in pressure Depression of the anterior air sac then forces air out into the environment
49
In regards to air sacs what is happening at the same time
As the anterior air sac expands and air is forced in, new air is entering the posterior air sacs again
50
When the diaphragm flattens what happens to volume and pressure
Increase in volume decrease in pressure It is opposite for when the diaphragm becomes dome shaped
51
What are alveoli
Thin blind ended sacs that are the site of gas exchange in mammals
52
What are type I alveolar cells
Simple squamous epithelial cells
53
What are type II alveolar cells
Thicker epithelial cells responsible for secreting surfactant
54
Why is surfactant important
They are lipoproteins that prevent mucous from forming which prevents alveoli from collapsing and getting stuck closed
55
What is intrapleural pressure
Pressure in the pleural fluid of the pleural cavity It is subatmospheric
56
What prevents the lungs from collapsing
Lower intrapleural pressure pulling on the lungs because pressure in the lungs at rest is atmospheric pressure Pressure in the lungs must remain below atmospheric pressure
57
What is compliance
How easily a structure is stretched The higher the compliance the less change in pressure is needed to ventilate the lungs
58
What is elastance
How readily a structure returns to its normal shape
59
What is dead space
Portion of the respiratory system that air passes through that doesn’t participate in gas exchange
60
What is alveolar dead space
Regions which could participate in respiration but don’t
61
What happens when there is an increase in intrapleural pressure
Decrease in the pressure gradient so a decrease in compliance
62
How does smoking affect the lungs
It kills type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant There is a decrease in lung capacity so gas exchange isn’t efficient
63
What is tidal volume
Amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during one normal breath
64
What are inspirations reserves
Amount of air that can be forcefully inspired following normal inspiration
65
What are expiratory reserves
amount of air that can be forcefully expired following normal expiration
66
What is residual volume
Amount of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration
67
What is inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve
68
What is functional residual capacity
Volume left in lungs after tidal volume expiration
69
What is vital capacity
Total amount of exchangeable air What we can forcefully remove from our Lungs
70
What is total lung capacity
Sum of all lung volumes
71
Oxygen transport is dissolved in fluid and solubility in aqueous soln is low so what solves this problem
Metalloproteins bind oxygen
72
In what areas does oxygen flowing in and flowing out occur (two different areas)
Oxygen flows into vessels happens at the respiratory surface Oxygen flowing out of the vessels happens at the tissues
73
What are hemoglobins
Globin protein that is bound to heme with a ferrous iron center
74
What are myoglobins
Found in muscle
75
What is cooperativity
When oxygen binds it changes confirmation of hemoglobin and increases affinity for hemoglobin and oxygen so it’s easier for more oxygen molecules to bind
76
When does saturation occur
When all available pigment molecules are bound
77
What relationship does an oxygen equilibrium curve represent
Partial pressure of oxygen and percent of oxygen bound to hemoglobin
78
What is the Bohr affect
Favors oxygen release Decrease in pH, increase in pressure of CO2, increase in 2,3 DPG and increase in temp all reduce affinity for oxygen
79
What is the haldane affect
Promotes release of CO2 Deoxygenated blood carriers more CO2 than oxygenated blood Curve shifts left which promotes CO2 at ventilation surfaces Increase pH, decrease 2,3 DPG, decrease temp
80
How is a majority of CO2 transported
As bicarbonate aided by carbonic anhydrase which favors shift in chemical equilibrium
81
What is hypoxia
Causes vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles Reduces oxygen uptake which increases blood pressure in the lungs and can lead to edema Induce metabolic reduction including hibernation and torpor
82
What is aerobic dive limit
Point at which organisms must surface or switch to anaerobic metabolism due to lack of oxygen
83
What is decompression sickness
Increase in pressure at depths causes nitrogen to enter circulation, ascending too quickly causes nitrogen to come out of solution and form bubbles in blood which can block capillaries
84
How is decompression sickness avoided
Diving mammals will exhale before diving

Physiology (13 decks)

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